MyLoveMyWorld

15 Google Panda Algorithm tricks : robots.txt structure, content farm, SERP, deindex, deranked, adsense, promotion, writing style

2011-05-01T09:08:00.001-07:00

In February 2011, Google did an update on its search by using the new algorithm. After the beginning of the year 2010, Google's search engine algorithm update with the name "Google Caffeine", now at the end of February 2011 Google update its algorithm again called "Google Panda". Google Caffeine, previously thought by Google, it would provide better search results turned out not guarantee the quality of these sites appear on the main SERP position, so that in 2011 Google update its search engine algorithm.

In this Panda Google algorithm, it put more anticipation emphasis on content farm. For beginners, you may still be confused what is meant farm content. Based on the information I took from wikipedia about the content farm, it can be found here about 'farm content'.

"Content Farm: In the context of the World Wide Web, the term farm content is used to Describe a company that employs a large numbers of freelance writers to generate large amounts of Textual content, the which is specifically designed to satisfy search engine algorithms for maximal retrieval by automated search engines. Their main goal is to generate advertising revenue through attracting reader page views ".

As Google began to lower the rating of information blog that is detected as "content farm" so that some content sites that are categorized as farm content sites experienced a drastic decline in visitors coming from search engines. Some sites which decreased the percentage of visitors are ezineaticles decreased to 86%, Hubpages has decreased by 80%. While the site has increased visitors like wikihow.com increased to 79%, 29% answers.yahoo.com.

Based on information from Google's official site about the 'Finding more high-quality sites in Google search' for the current Google panda algorithm which still applied in the United States, for other countries will follow Google panda algorithm effects. The biggest effect is likely that many felt by the social bookmarking sites and article directory sites. Is this Article directory site taxable or not taxable? Still do not know, as well as you know, readers.

As a beginner blogger or webmaster, you do not have to mess around with the update algorithm, you should still adhere to the guidelines set by Google at the Google webmaster center site guidelines, some of them :
- Create your blog or website content which is original and has the relevance of specific topics (posting results homemade by you, not the result of copy and paste).
- Blog or website to provide information and offer solutions to the visitors of your blog or website.
- Posting on blog or website has benefits for visitors.

For a beginner bloggers or webmasters do not need to be discouraged in competing in the Google SERP, because all the blogs or websites still have the opportunity to grow, we just need to focus on the content of your blog or website and target your blog or website visitor, whether a focus on visitor level : beginner, intermediate level , or perhaps your website or blog is dedicated to the advanced webmaster level?

If you want perched in first place in Google SERP (search engine result page), do not give backlinks automatically to newly created article. Try to get backlink first to the search engine rather than to the other web / other people's blogs.

Google PageRank (Google PR) not influence, that influence whether or not fast lookups to search engines. There are terms of PING blog, the blog is best to use one ping, namely from http://rpc.pingomatic.com. With this PING, it already fairly quickly indexed in search engines. Pingomatic actually a subsidiary of wordpress, so if you have a blog of wordpress, it will be faster ping by pingomatic. PING function to speed up the blog updates on the search engines, because blogs are generally already has facilities in its autosubmitter setting. This Autosubmitter function is to automatically update every time there's a new article or any content changes on a large scale from your blog.

RSS blog or website address must be get the protection, if the cheater is trying to attract your website RSS, you must blocking it, the cheater's IP address hosting must be blocked by used . htaccess and try to use copyscape.com so you can keep your original article.

Panda algorithm from Google began implementing deindex in search results on google.com search engine in the U.S. since February 2011. DeIndex occurred on the existing keywords in your blog or website, while the traits that got DeIndex by Google is as follows :
1. Most prominent is the traffic dropped by a great volume.
2. Got fall from the main page from any Google Search Engine (Google.com and other Google).
3. Keyword exist in your blog will continue to decline.
4. Now Google more trust and affection on blog or website that generally uses government-owned domains and . org, educational site which is usually as a means for students to learn from college.
5. Do not have too many posts or updates, Formerly, Google love with a blogger who frequently updates, but what is different now, Google will think you spend much of your blog for "Farm Content" like what I described above.
6. If your website or blog got DeIndex by Google, you must ready to accept the risk, the smallest risks of Google's DeIndex is Google will put your website or blog in Google's "SandBox" and the most severe is to be Baned or your website or blog will blocked from the search result.

Well now you know not the risk of DeIndex by Google, now we just play our logic "In every problem there is a way", this might be appropriate for this Panda algorithm, another logic "We are Humans, whereas Google is only man-made robots.txt". Robots.txt was patent but only in one establishment only, whereas we are human beings who should be smart to outsmart and create our thoughts always flexible and not fixed for a single establishment only. Robots.txt is composed by a set of syntax command, which will perform in accordance with what has been written by Google programmers. If we already know the contents of the robots.txt, then we can easily outsmart robots.txt. Still remember the principle of "you must know search engines brain" which had been expressed in e-education mylovemyworld? Read the article again in e-education mylovemyworld with the title "Search engine optimization tutorial" by clicking on the link to the e-education in this sidebar.

Once I knew the Google's panda algorithms form, I have tips to outsmart Google Panda robots.txt for these algorithms with a few tips below :
1. Google panda Algorithm is not always and not the same as deindex. Officially, Google panda was applied to beat up "content farm." Deindex itself was incident before the 24th of february.
2. If you already feel your website or blog detected by Google's DeIndex stop your blogging activity, it make Google think this blogger has to stop spaming activity.
3. Effects of the Google deindex content use panda algorithm is usually thrown to the lowest search result page. Not missing or deindex. Because most of the content kicked out of search results, traffic will be dropped. This is called the Google engineer as a "de-Ranked."
4. This algorithm is applied only in area of America and a now rolling 12% of Google's database. So you must be careful, because the storm has not passed and are still eyeing the next victims.
5. Google panda Algorithm will love "authoritative site". And this could be the opportunity to replace farm content. What is Authoritative site? Now you will find many sites of .gov. So according to this algorithm, the site administration precedence.
6. Google hates website and blog that has too many adsense, do not put ads too many in your blog or website, because Google will think your blog or website is less consistent and bloggers prefer its own Adsendse. This happened on a business website or blog that is usually put many ads anywhere.
7. Move away trash content from your blog or website or if affection for the exhaust make a particular page to put the content.
8. You must have external links on Website or blog that are relevant and fair.
9. This algorithm is general, so it is not specific to certain things, so no need to use auto, robot, copy and paste, it will continue get deindex. Because the fact Google is very hated by the unique things and the manual but not in accordance with the algorithm that is applied by Google.
10.Google most like when we promotion the website on social bookmarking site, remember Social bookmark, not use blog walking which is frequent use by newbie blogger!
11. Blog or website article written in a professional, fit into the media so do not too much give decoration (Emoticon exaggerated picture, sign letters that search engine do not need) in your article.
12. Do not go overboard on your blog post, If former you like to create 3-5 articles in one day , now you can outsmart all posts by once in a grace period of 2 days or 3 days.
13. Try to post article with your own style of language as a feature of your blog or website.
14. Post a new article with the most fresh and do not edit articles from other blogs / others website, what else is just like a copy and paste articles for search engine robots.txt.
15. Why is Google make this algorithm update, it's strictly business. Because Google's revenue in 2010 is 30 Billion Dollars (> 90% come from AdWords). So Google must keep the trust of the advertiser and the users of search engines.

Google Panda algorithm loves a website or blog which are :
1. Having original and unique content (not copy-paste).
2. Have a short loading time.
3. Not 100% of visitors come from Search Engines (try to use Google Analytics to see your website or blog statistics accurately).

How to use Recuva File Recovery?

2011-04-20T11:20:00.001-07:00

Your file got accidentally deleted? You lose your important files when your computer crashes? Do not panic, with free software, you can restore the data / files that you are erased with very easy. Restore deleted files or file recovery on the technical term, is very easily done with the help of recovery tools software.

MyloveMyworld free recovery software tool choise is Recuva File Recovery. Recuva file recovery is made by Piriform software that can restore your data and files that are erased with ease and of course free. No matter whether your data is deleted on your computer hard drive, the digital camera card, MMC, external hard drive, USB flash, and even MP3 players, Recuva is able to restore your data which is erased. Recuva even able to read data that you formatted in the hard disk, MMC card, camera cards, USB flash, external hard drives, and MP3 player.

Recuva features include CCleaner and Defraggler which is made by Piriform Ltd manufacturers. Recuva is available in 3 versions :
1. Installer, Recuva with additional Yahoo! Toolbar.
2. Slim Installer, Recuva without additional applications.
3. Portable, Recuva without installation.

Here are the complete features of Recuva File Recovery :

1. Able to restore almost all types of your files that were deleted: Photos, documents, music, and even email. With Recuva File Recovery you can restore the data quickly, easily and safely.

2. Can be used to recover data in almost any type of storage media : hard drive. memory cards, USB disks, external hard drive, MP3 player, iPod and etc.

3. Able to restore data lost due to a formatted storage media, crash, corrupt and etc.

4. If you use a desktop email client program like Outlook Express, Windows Live Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird and etc, Recuva File Recovery is able to return your deleted e-mail. Recuva will restore your emails which have been erased into zip format (example: Outlook Express.zip).

5. Able to restore your songs and music files that were deleted from your iPod or MP3 player.

6. Able to restore Microsoft Word files that have not been saved. When you type a word file, then your word got crashes and you did not keep it, Recuva File Recovery is able to restore your word file from the temporary files that you were created.

7. Quick Start Wizard features that will facilitate its entry to restore missing files.

8. Deep Cleaning features that can find lost files quickly and accurately. Very Quick, whether the scanning process will depend upon how big your hard drive.

9. Having a portable version that you can run without having to install it. You can save and use Portable Recuva from your USB flash or other storage media.

10. It has a feature to delete files permanently. If you have deleted files, Recuva can return it. This means that other people can do it too. There is a possibility that your deleted data can be accessed again by other people with other recovery software (including Recuva). To avoid this, you can use Recuva to delete your data permanently. It's easy, just delete the data you want to delete permanently, then run Recuva and find documents that you have to delete. Right-click on the document and select "Secure Overwrite". With that way, your data will not be raised again by the other recovery software (excluding Recuva).

11. You can use in almost all versions of Windows, from Windows 2000, Windows 2003 server, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 2008 Sever, until windows 7.

To use Recuva File Recovery, is very easy. Please follow the guidelines below :

1. Download Recuva File Recovery Installer in Computer redesign>> Computer software, then install on your computer hard drive.
2. Open Recuva, it will look like below. Click 'Next' to continue.

3. Select the type of file to be restored. Click 'Next' to continue.

4. Specify the location of the file that you want restored. If you do not know, just select "I'm not sure". Click 'Next' to continue.

5. The initial phase is complete. There is a choice of 'Deep Scan'. If the 'Deep Scan' is activated, Recuva will be able to recover data that has been hit by another file. Of course it would slow down the scanning process. Click 'Start' to begin the scanning process.

6. The scanning process starts immediately. Scanning process time spent depends on the number of files that were deleted.

7. After the scanning process is complete, it will display all the results. Check the file you want restored. When you're done, click 'Recover' to start the recovery process. It will be asked where the location of its output.

Hopefully the above instructions are quite clear for how to use Recuva? Besides Recuva is also similar with available applications such as Undelete Plus, Restoration and PC Inspector File Recovery. Among the various applications, in my opinion, the most easy to operate is only Recuva.

Recuva is very famous in China, particularly in wash photos, to find photos that have been formatted from the MMC card. Recuva in China, of course, using Chinese-language version. MyloveMyworld directory provides an International version in English for you to download, because Sunshine corp sure no one can use Recuva Chinese-language version as the Sunshine corp use everyday in the office of the Sunshine corp.

Chinese Taikonot suit design and World's first space program history

2011-04-16T09:07:00.000-07:00

Spaceman (commonly known as an Astronaut) is the designation for people who have undergone training in human space flight program for the lead, flying a plane, or a spaceship crew. The term "Astronaut" refers specifically to the Astronauts who came from the United States, in contrast to a Cosmonaut who came from the Soviet Union / Russia. The first Cosmonaut was Yuri Gagarin. Since the year 2003 is also known Taikonot (although not the Chinese government's official term), Astronauts from China. First Taikonot was Yang Liwei, was launched with Shenzhou V.

First Cosmonaut-astronaut, both from the U.S. and the Soviet Union, usually a fighter pilot, generally testers pilot, with has military background. Astronauts usually receive a special qualification mark, known in the U.S. by the name of the "Astronaut Badge" after completing the workout and follow the flight into space.

More than 32 countries have been sending their Astronaut into space. Until April 2007, nineteen Astronauts have been killed in a mission trip, and at least ten Astronauts have died in training accidents on land.

Until now there has been no official consensus on the term for Chinese Astronauts. When approaching the final countdown, before the launch of Shenzhou V rocket, or Divine Ship, the Chinese government has not set a term for professional people working in space.

The term for Astronauts is actually just a name. However, there has been an unwritten agreement that has a unique name, is a tribute to the profession. Similar names are also different in each nation who pursue space travel, for example Astronauts for U.S. and Cosmonaut for Russian. China also want recognition when its debut took part to explore the universe.

The most popular term for Chinese Astronauts, up to now is 'Taikonot'. However, several names have been keen to get a confession are 'Chinanot' and 'Yuhangyuan'. Chinanot immediately eliminated because there is not much support.

Taikonot is a mix between two languages, Chinese and Latin: 'taikong' which means space and 'naus' which means sailor. But some government officials are reluctant to use that word for lack of local content. They like a more technical but strong feel of Chinese word: Yuhangyuan which means space navigator. Trouble is, it turns out that the government preferred term not necessarily interested citizens and the international community as well. Taikonot more popular because of easy spoken not only by locals but also foreigners. Also note the word taiko behind China confirms equate power with countries like Russia's and the U.S's space supremacy.

Astronauts are the star sailor or space travelers. While the Cosmonaut is a sailor of the cosmos or space explorers.

Competition into space is the interesting game after the aircraft and rockets discovered in the early 19th century. Russia and the U.S. became the main actors and the reason for the rivalry , Cosmonaut and Astronaut never be merged into one word. But sometimes such nationalism is not valid. For example German or Japanese scientist who managed to keep using the term Astronaut or Cosmonaut. But China seems to want to increase the vocabulary other than the desire to be acknowledged supremacy in the field of science and technology.

Wednesday afternoon, October 12, 2005, was the launch of two Chinese man into space with the Shenzhou VI spacecraft. Chinese President Hu Jintao watched the seconds of the launch from the Beijing Aerospace Control Center. Prime Minister Wen Jiabao instead come directly to the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Gobi Desert, Central China.

Almost all citizens of the country's population of more than a billion go watch the launch on a sunny afternoon, the live broadcast via China Central Television, CCTV. State television actually reap a profit. Broadcast advertising rates that start remembi 2.56 million (USD 3.15 billion) for five seconds, until remembi 8.56 million (USD 10 billion) for 30 seconds. Extraordinary expensive. But the impression is special.

CCTV video camera placed in the body of the rocket. Images that are emitted directly, so the audience could see the rocket moments glide, through the sky, until the parts of the Shenzhou VI rupture and escape. The main actors in the show was Colonel Fei Junlong and Colonel Nie Haisheng, two crews of the Shenzhou VI.

Fei Junlong, born in Jiangsu Province in 1965, was the pilot, fighter trainer, and the Chinese Air Force flight inspector. Father of one son was elected in 1998 Taikonot or yuhangyuan. Nie Haisheng, who was born in Yangdang city, Hubei province, October 13, 1964, also an Air Force fighter pilot in China. One daughter's father was elected as Taikonot in 1998.

Nie had to compete hard with Yang Liwei, China's first Taikonot orbiting the earth, to ride the Shenzhou V, two years earlier. At that time, the chosen was Yang Liwei. But this time accompanied Fei, Nie's turn to fly five days with the Shenzhou VI. Before elected as the crew of Shenzhou VI, the pair, Nie-Fei also must compete with five other pairs of yuhangyuan.

Monday, October 17, 2005, in the cold savanna Inner Mongolia, Fei and Nie capsule landed smoothly. They were greeted by a team and guided out of the Shenzhou VI capsule. In the city of Zaoyang, fireworks shine in the dark of morning sky. People were followed, dancing in the streets after watching on television, Nie out of the capsule. Similar celebrations appeared in Kunshan, Fei's hometown.

"I declare, the mission of Shenzhou VI manned space was a big success," said Chen Bingde, commander of the Chinese space mission, in Beijing, after watching the duet Taikonot sipping hot chocolate and noodles. Fei and Nie noted the success of the first flight of two Chinese. This followed China's achievement sent Yang Liwei into orbit on the Shenzhou V mission.

The success of Shenzhou V mission, two years earlier, noted China as a third country that puts its citizens in orbit after Russia and the United States. Now, the Chinese government want to build space laboratory and put satellites without a crew on the moon from 2010.

Precisely at the end of September 2007, China re-create when the various nations of the world was stunned because of their achievements in the field of space exploration. This time a Chinese Taikonot successful conduct "walk in space" or spacewalk.

Three-man crews of China's spacecraft, Shenzhou VII has left Earth's orbit after a successful carrying out its mission. A Taikonot, the term for Chinese astronauts, Zhai Zhigang has been named to try spacewalk outside the aircraft cabin for the first time in China's space history.

Zhai Zhigang floated really all over his body in an open space with only vacuum attached to the connecting cables, September 9, 2007 beginning at 16:43 Beijing time. He did it for 20 minutes and move it as far as a whole has 9165 kilometers in Earth orbit or the equivalent of a quarter circumference of the equator at an altitude of more than 300 kilometers.

The event was broadcast live on CCTV. Cameras mounted outside the aircraft cabin as well as from inside the plane.

"I feel fine. I am here greeting the Chinese people and people around the world," Zhai said when he came out of the aircraft cabin. Soon after he received a Chinese flag from his teammate, Liu Boming, who watched from the end of the cabin and waved. Shortly, Liu Boming also emerged half body from the cabin door. After conducting a study to test samples attached to the outer layer of worn vehicle, Zhai back inside. Taikonot entry in the landing capsule for return to Earth on a 96 hours mission. They landed by parachute in the area of Inner Mongolia desert at night.

As the American space program, the Shenzhou is also causing controversy. Does China need to spend so much money to launch a person into heaven? Would not that money be better used for something else? After all, the opinion that surfaced in the media said China should not be left behind in space exploration. The program will be a catalyst for the development of Chinese science and technology.

Another China reason revealed by Speaker of Parliament, Wu Banggua, "Success of this mission is a big leap to improve the prestige in the eyes of the world and promoting economic progress, science, and defense capabilities."

This achievement has underscored China's position as the third country in the world after Russia and the U.S. which are able to independently hold a program manned space mission. No less unusual was the ability of China to make their own spacesuits for their Taikonot for a walk in the space. Zhai Zhigang, the Taikonot was wearing spacesuits called "Feitian".

One of the most important technology to perform spacewalk is anti-radiation clothing. Electromagnetic waves from the Sun is very dangerous to living things if exposed directly in space. China succeeded in proving that its space clothes that is named "Feitian" proved strong. Spacesuits were worth approximately USD 4 million with a weight of 120 kilograms. Clothing is adapted from a Russian-made spacesuits model, Orlan-M, which is able to be used to do activities outside the spacecraft for seven hours.

Well, why spacesuits could be so expensive? This is because the clothes are not arbitrary because it must protect the wearer from extreme conditions in space without air pressure and gravity and without oxygen. The absence of the atmosphere layer also pose great danger from solar radiation and the threat of debris hit by a space object or micrometeorite.

Therefore spacesuits, let alone charged for activities outside of the aircraft must be able to meet various needs such as providing air pressure conditions, supplying oxygen, clean carbon dioxide from respiration, maintaining temperature, protect from solar radiation and blow debris and to support the movement of celestial bodies and physical activity which must be experienced by Astronauts. To meet all these needs, the space suit was provided with various devices such as radio communication, the oxygen supply tube, tube processing carbon dioxide, water containers, cameras, lights and battery electric energy supplier. The dress itself is also made of various materials to ensure the safety and convenience for users.

To prevent heat stroke, generally spacesuits coated by heat retaining materials such as Neoprene, Gore-Tex or Dacron and coated on the outside by light reflective material. To keep the temperature inside the clothing not to much heat which will disturb the wearer's activity, in the early spacesuits fitted with a small fan for cooling. More advanced models that use layers of underwear that has tubes which are so small that filled with coolant. Meanwhile, to prevent debris hit by a space object as micrometeorite, clothes are coated with materials such as Dacron or Kevlar. Kevlar has been also used as a material for making bullet-proof clothing.

What about the U.S. spacesuits?

The beauty of the lotus flower has inspired artists of Asia, which capture it in the paintings to a variety of decorative objects. However, scientists precisely captivated by the lotus leaf which is always clean. The leaves of plants that live along the muddy river in Asia, the U.S. space agency (NASA) was inspired to develop special coatings that can prevent dirt and even bacteria that attach to and contaminate surface spacesuits.

Scientists at the Goddard Space Flight Center of NASA in Greenbelt, Maryland, developed a kind of transparent coating that prevents dust and dirt that stuck in the same way as the lotus plant to spill every drop of water as a bold step on the surface of the leaves. Secret of the lotus plant (Nelumbo nucifera), which appears resistant to water that is located on the surface structure of leaves. At first glance the leaves look fine, but under a microscope showed that the surface has innumerable small thorns.

The structure of thousands thorns is very useful to reduce the area used by water or dirt to stick. If you sprinkle water on the lotus leaf, water will merge, forming a ball, and rolled down, indicating that they have the ability to reject water or special hydrophobic. This capability also prevents dust clinging to the leaves.

This special quality that be copied by the NASA team. A material that prevents dirt and dust accumulate on the surface of the spacesuits, scientific instruments, robotic explorers, solar panels, and other hardware used to collect scientific data or carry out exploration activities on other objects in the solar system. The trick is to make some kind of coating that withstand the space harsh environment.

The project was initiated by the cooperation with Northrop Grumman Electronics Systems in Linthicum, Maryland, and nGimat Corporation in Atlanta, Georgia, the two companies which first go into business of coating materials that are inspired by the lotus leaf. Before plunging to NASA research of lotus effect materials, waterproof and anti-dirty, a number of scientists have developed a material that inspired by the water plant. Initially, they mimic the lotus effect, which is to cut spending on cleaning the windows in the buildings of skyscrapers.

Made from silica, zinc oxide, and other oxides, the potential of the new coating on the earth is almost unlimited. Such materials can be applied on the windshield, camera lenses, eyeglasses, just everything which is clean and free of dust. Understanding the enormous potential, in collaboration of Northrop Grumman and nGimat to find other applications for these coatings technology. They finally agreed to involve Goddard for their expertise to make equipment that is ready to tolerate to the space harsh environment. The ability to imitate the advantages of this lotus leaf is priceless for NASA.

Waterproof material and anti-dust will be very useful in NASA's mission back to the moon. By the time Apollo astronaut made moonwalk, for example, this kind of technology can prevent moon dust, which is very abrasive, attached to the spacesuits used by astronauts. Apollo 17 commander, Eugene Cernan had revealed problems in the Apollo 17 Technical Crew Debriefing. "One of the most disturbing and limiting the field of lunar surface exploration is the dust," he said. "Dust is inherent in all things, no matter what type of material, good skin, clothing materials, or metals, it makes no difference. Dust was blocking, swipe everything."

Although superior in the Earth, the existing coating has no meaning when used in space. However, the coating in accordance with the existing formula is not going to withstand the harsh environmental conditions in space.

Goddard team has been experimenting and testing various formulas to find the most suitable material for the expedition into space. The coating which is applied to spacesuits must be attached to a flexible surface, while the coating which is designed to protect the moving parts must be extra strong to resist wear and tear.

In addition to spacesuits and tools to move, special coatings can be applied to solar panels and radiators, two objects that need to operate with maximum cleanliness.

Not just anti-water and anti-dust, the addition of biocides in the coating so that the material is also antibacterial. The ability to kill bacteria is one of the requirements for spacesuits, as easy to breed, bacteria cause odor when some people crammed into the narrow space in the long term, such in the space station.

NASA injected this biocide coating on the planet lander to prevent bacteria from sticking and contaminate the surface of the earth's space objects. The release of gas from the coating that also must be met for use in the residential area of Astronauts. Materials that must remain strong and can be cleaned in a space environment.

Some studies indicate a condition of physiological disorders during long-duration space flight, although the astronauts do physical exercise every day for two hours. The case which often occurs is the reduction of bone mass (bone loss) due to no power of gravity.

Therefore NASA made clothes called GLCS (Gravity Loading Countermeasure Skinsuit) and attached to the body fit. Clothing adds to pressure on the bone. The amount of pressure was similar pressure when people are in Earth's gravity. GLCS designed without arms, because the Astronaut's arm is not too affected. GLCS made to be used in aircraft.

Clothing for walking outside the aircraft is different. Clothing should have the right pressure. Like a corset for the entire body because the clothes can keep the pressure on when Astronauts are in space.

GLCS suppress the body vertically, rather than around the body. GLCS trying to make people who wear it pawed the ground, such as the effect of weight when people stand up.

GLCS itself has been tested by MIT and the European Space Agency for a few minutes in space without gravity. Second-generation prototype, which adds pressure on the lower leg, is being developed.

The history of the world's first space program

It was early morning on April 12, 1961, when a carpenter's son who held the rank of lieutenant in the Soviet Air Force, Yuri Gagarin Alekseyevich, aged 27 years, helped by wearing outer space. Accompanied by a backup Cosmonaut, Germany Titov, he was escorted by bus to the Site No. 1 in Tyuratam Missile Test Range, now called the Baikonur Cosmodrome, the lonely desert in Kazakhstan.

That morning there was no speech. Gagarin's just say good-bye, then tied tightly into a small round capsule called Vostok, placed at the end of modified intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, originally designed to launch nuclear warheads. Yuri Gagarin successfully penetrate the outer space on Vostok-1 spacecraft. This spacecraft previously has conducted seven test missions, including carrying animals and equipment, even, several times of them have failed. However, the Vostok-1 then declared ready to take the first man to the space.

Gagarin sang and whistled while performing the examination in a last few minutes.There is also no dramatic countdown. At 9:06:59 AM, rocket expert of the Soviet Union, Sergei Korolev, pressing the launch button, and the R-7 shot up from the runway. Gagarin shouted, "Poyekhali (Let's go)!"

Rocket drove 500 meters per second at the initial push, Gagarin still had time to joke. "T plus 100, how are you?" said Korolev, who control all the maneuvering rockets. "I'm fine," said Gagarin, "how are you?" Korolev was not worried about whether Gagarin would survive or not. He was just worried Gagarin famine conditions when landing back on earth. ''In the valve, there is a dinner and breakfast?''Said Korolev tried to remind Gagarin.

''Yes,'' Gagarin replied.

"You've got sausages, sweets and jam for tea,'' continued Korolev this time with a tone of humor." Sixty-three pieces is enough to make you get a lot of fat. When you come back today, eat anything! "

Gagarin replied Korolev calmly. "Most important is to have sausage for friends and drink Moonshine (liquor),''said Gagarin.

Scientists that were recording the conversation between Gagarin and Korolev said "Damn, Tools (recorder) is recording everything, jerk,'' they said.

After sliding for 11 minutes and 16 seconds from the top surface of the earth, Vostok-1 break away from the rocket. Spacecraft entered the orbit of the earth. Yuri Gagarin tied to the seat belt in the ejection seat inside the pressurized cabin measuring 2.3 meters. Vostok capsules with several tanks of oxygen and nitrogen reserves, antennas, and optical devices to view the earth. Unlike the space capsule of the United States, such as Mercury, Vostok pilots are not burdened with the duty to control the spacecraft. Gagarin's more like just a passenger. But in emergencies, he could also control the aircraft manually.

Three minutes later, the rocket separated from the main booster. Vostok capsule is now sliding at a speed of 6,000 meters per second. The silence in the control room only broken by the operator sound that every 30 seconds saying, "normal flight." That situation changed in the ninth minute when the spacecraft reaches orbit. Operator drowned by shouts of Mikhail Marov, one researcher engineer bellow Korolev.

Marov still remember when Gagarin spoke slowly and calmly. "I could see rows of clouds. I could see everything. It's very beautiful," he said, reports to the control room. About 40 minutes later, Vostok sped over the United States. Half an hour later, Korolev turned retro rockets, and the Vostok capsule glide back to earth.

The process of re-entry, when the capsules re-entering Earth's atmosphere, almost turned into disaster. The security tape that connects the Vostok capsule with the service module failed regardless. The capsule began to spin and vibrate, making unprotected part heats up due to air rubbed. "Everything went smoothly," Gagarin said calmly to Korolev.

Gagarin almost lost consciousness when the temperature inside the capsule rose to dangerous levels. "I was in the clouds of fire that sped fast towards the earth." Ten minutes later, the security tape was burned and two modules separate.

Capsule's door open, Gagarin ejected and down slowly with the aid of a parachute from a height of 7000 meters. USSR initially worried, if Gagarin landed, he was still in the Vostok capsule, causing other hazards. In fact, the chair thrower is running fine for six times of the Vostok mission.

Gagarin landed near the community of Smelovka, near Saratov in southern Russia. Two villagers watched as Gagarin was landing on it. He tried to reassure residents, "Do not be afraid, I just like you, the Russians who came down from heaven, and I need a phone to talk to Moscow!"

Gagarin's flight news spread around the world. Two days later, he became the center of attention at a military parade in Moscow as part of the propaganda of the Cold War from the Soviet Union.

A few weeks after Gagarin's flight, on May 25, 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy's speech announcing his country's determination to send humans to the moon and return safely to earth before the decade ended. Space race began.

If Gagarin was alive today, he'd be surprised to know Korolev's intercontinental ballistic missile has been developed as artificial Soyuz rocket, lifting the Russians, Americans, and Astronauts to outer space from five other agencies to the international space station. A total of 520 men and women from 38 countries have slid into space for five decades, after the first man enjoy the journey that lasted 108 minutes on space.

Why choose Yuri Gagarin?

Gagarin was selected as the first man to orbit the earth due to his small stature, that is 157 centimeters, enables him to enter Vostok capsule. No such luck, German Titov was the one who should be the first Cosmonaut. But the first man who savored the space lost his life in a jet crash in 1968.

Death Mystery of Yuri Gagarin

After more than 40 years filled with mystery, on Friday (04/08/2011) The Russian government revealed the secret archive documents about the death of the first man to orbit around the earth, Yuri Gagarin. Gagarin was killed when his jet falls on November 27, 1968 or seven years after he made history.

The Soviet Union President, Leonid Brezhnev, signed the presidential archives at the time and coded "absolutely confidential" read echelons of the Kremlin Palace, Alexander Stepanov, in a press conference in Moscow.

Archive was revealed, a commission in the era of the Soviet Union concluded on November 28, 1968, a day after the disaster struck Gagarin, that the cause of Gagarin's death was too sharp maneuver while avoiding a weather balloon. Another reason, but this is less believed, was to avoid incoming boundary of cloud top layer.

Stepanov said, when it emerged the speculation about the cause of Gagarin's death. Speculation that included charges of sabotage or conspiracy allegedly committed Brezhnev, who was "incontestably" or less popular with this first Cosmonaut.

"Hopefully this archive disclosure will eliminate the speculation that circulated in Russia or in the books 'pseudo history' that ever published," Stepanov said.

Disclosure of the secret archives from Kremlin Palace was carried out in order to commemorate a half century, since the success of Gagarin, the first human manned flight around the orbit of the earth for 108 minutes on April 12, 1961.

The success of Gagarin in space is also considered a symbol of the Soviet Union "victory" over the United States in the "race" on space during the Cold War.

According to these archives, which carried out Gagarin maneuvers with his co-pilot, Vladimir Seryogin, causing the jet was in a "supercritical conditions so that the plane (experienced) stall at the complex meteorological conditions."

Half of a century since Yuri Gagarin manned on space

To celebrate 50 years of the first human flight into space, Russia set up a series of events, from concerts, exhibitions, until the meeting in the Kremlin, which will be attended by 40 heads of space agencies of foreign countries, including Charles Bolden, head of the American Space Agency (NASA). Gagarin was celebrated with a rousing success. In London, for example, Gagarin's statue will be built in a mall. The first Cosmonaut greatness even reconcile this with the legendary adventurer Captain Cook.

Vostok to Soyuz

Russia also launched a Soyuz spacecraft. Crew by two Russian, Cosmonaut Alexander Samokutyaev and Cosmonaut Andrei Borisenko, and an American Astronaut, Ronald violations. The TMA-21 module, which was launched using a Soyuz rocket to the International Space Station (ISS) when the station is reaching orbit above the Andes Mountains, Chile. The module is named after the first man to orbit the earth half a century ago, Yuri Gagarin.

Russian mission at the ISS was also marked the end of the Cold War period as happened in the past.

The launch of Soyuz was also conducted at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the same location Gagarin flew in historic space missions on April 12, 1961.

The mission this time is a major part of the success of Gagarin's anniversary celebration, initiated by Russian President, Dmitry Medvedev.

Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, said that Russia will increase their efforts to explore the solar system over the next decade. Putin also said it would increase their space activity from the original 40 percent of all space activities, up to 50 percent in the near future.

Soyuz space project in the near future will also be the only space project that involves sending humans to the ISS. United States Space Shuttle, Endeavour, scheduled to fly by the end of April 2011 brought a number of physics experiments for the space station. But the Atlantis will close the Space Shuttle program next summer.

Waiting until there is a private company to handle freight to and from the space station, NASA will temporarily pay the Russian space agency to do it, through the Soyuz.

Hacker Ethical Code (Hacker's code)

2011-04-08T21:33:00.001-07:00

I create this article because there have been violations of the code of conduct by a lamer from Vietnam named Pham hong cuong (cuongph@pvep.com.vn), who had infiltrated into the ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology) e-mail system. E-mail system that was built by Zimbra as an e-mail client does have shortcomings, especially in terms of maintaining the confidentiality of the e-mail users, because when you typed a letter, it would appear all-mail accounts with that prefix letter, so it will make easier to send e-mail inducement to all users of ITB e-mail. ITB has been create warning on the front page of e-mail, now it's time to reveal who exactly has made infiltration into the ITB e-mail network during the last 2 years. It is time to guilty and punish Pham hong cuong before he attack others ITB e-mail users.

Professional ethics

Professional ethics is a reflection of what is called "self control", because everything is made and applied from and to the interests of social groups (professional) itself. The presence of a professional organization with the devices built-in mechanism "be a code of professional conduct ", in this case clearly would be required to maintain the dignity and honor of the profession, and on the other hand protect the public from all forms of diversion or misuse of expertise. A profession can only gain the trust of the community, when in the professional elites have a strong awareness to heed professional ethics when they want to provide professional services expertise to communities that need it.

Some causes of violations of professional code of ethics :

1. Idealism that is contained in the code of professional conduct is inconsistent with the facts that occurred in the vicinity of the professionals, so the expectations are sometimes very far from reality.
2. Allows professionals to turn to reality and ignore idealism professional code of ethics. Professional code of ethics could be a display of framed posts.
3. Professional code of ethics is a set of moral norms that are not equipped with harsh sanctions because the validity solely on the basis of professional consciousness.
4. Provide opportunities to the professional to do deviate from the code of ethics profession.

Violations of the code of professional conduct

The occurrence of irregularities committed by members of professional groups of the code of professional conduct in the public eye. Therefore, professional groups should try to finish on its own power. Because the professional code of ethics is a product of applied ethics as is produced by the application of ethical thinking of a profession. Suppose, that in professional hackers, which at this moment I will talk about (write in article).

Hacker History

Hackers appear in the 1960's among members of student organizations, Tech Model Railroad Club at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (MIT). The student group is one of the pioneering development of computer technology and they operate with a number of mainframe computers. The word "hacker" first appeared with a positive meaning to give a call to a member who has expertise in the field of computers and able to make computer programs better than that has been designed together. In 1983, hacker analogy to refer to someone who has an obsession to understand and master the computer system. Because in that year, for the first time the FBI arrested a computer criminal group 'The 414s' in Milwaukee, U.S. 414 is their local area code. This computer group was found guilty of burglary 60 computers from Cancer Center Memorial Sloan-Kettering that belong to the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Further, there are groups who call themselves hackers, but it's not. They are mainly the men who get satisfaction by breaking into computers and outsmart the phone (phreaking). True hackers call these groups "cracker" and do not like to hang out with them. True hackers regard crackers as lazy, irresponsible, and not too smart people. True hackers do not agree if someone broke through the security to become a hacker.

The hackers hold a meeting once every year in mid-July, in Las Vegas. The event at the world's largest hacker conference is called 'Def Con'. The event was more to the arena of exchange information and technology related to hacking activities.

The world of global networks company (the Internet) such as Google, Yahoo, Digg, has a group of hacker who guarded the company network from the possibility of outside parties or the cracker, for security testing of network security holes that allow the cracker rifling through its network.

The professional ethics function

This is where professional ethics is needed to limit the hackers to act and to keep the image of the hacker in the eyes of the world community. Professional Ethics related to the work already done. It is necessary to keep the profession among the public or to the consumer (client or object). In other words, the main orientation of the profession is for the public interest by using the expertise. However, without a high sense of self, the profession can easily be abused by someone who like the abuse of one's profession in the field of computers for example in computer crime cases that successfully copy commercial programs for re-sale without the permission of the author's rights. So we need an understanding of professional ethics to understand the code of professional conduct. Professional code of ethics is a means to help the implementers person as someone who implemented professional ethics so as not to damage the profession.

Professional code of ethics

There are three main things that is a function of the code of professional conduct :
1. Professional code of ethics provides guidance for every member of the profession of the principles outlined professionalism.
2. Professional code of ethics is a means of social control for people in the concerned profession.
3. Professional code of ethics to prevent the intervention of outside parties about the relationship of professional organizations in the membership of professional ethics.

Hacker Hierarchy

Interestingly, it turns out in the world of hackers occurred strata (levels) given by the hacker community to someone because of his expertise, not because of age or seniority. I'm sure not everyone agrees with the degree of which is explained here, because there is the impression of arrogance, especially at high level. To obtain recognition / degrees, a hacker must be able to create programs to exploit system weaknesses, write tutorials (articles), active discussion on the mailing list, creating web sites and so on.

Maybe a bit too harsh if it called 'hierarchy / levels' of hackers, I believe the term is not fully be accepted by the hacker community. In general, the highest hackers are often called 'Elite'. Meanwhile, on the lowest degree of hackers known as "wanna-be" hacker known as 'Lamers'.

1. Elite

Also known as 3l33t, 3l337, 31337, or a combination of it, is the spearhead of the network security industry. They understand the operating system inside and out, able to configure and connect a global network. Capable of programming each day. A very natural grace, they are usually efficient and skilled, to use knowledge appropriately. They are like stealth to enter the system without someone know, although they will not destroy the data. Because they always follow the rules.

2. Semi Elite

Younger than the Elite. They also have the ability and extensive knowledge of computers. They understand about operating systems (including holes). Usually equipped with a small number of programs sufficient to alter the program exploits. Many of the attacks performed by hackers who published this caliber, unfortunately, by the Elite they are often categorized 'Lamer'.

3. Developed Kiddie

The term is mainly because these are young age group and still in school. They read about the methods of hacking on various occasions. They tried various systems until finally succeeded and proclaimed victory to another. Generally they are still using the Graphics User Interface (GUI) and just learning the basic of Unix, without being able to find a new weakness hole in the operating system.

4. Script Kiddie

As developed kiddie, Script Kiddie usually do the activity above. As also Lamers, they only have technical knowledge networking is very minimal. Usually not separated from the GUI. Hacking carried out using a Trojan to frighten and distress some Internet users.

5. Lamer

They are people without experience and knowledge who want to be hackers (wanna-be hacker). They usually read or hear about the hacker and want to be like that. The use their computers mainly to play games, IRC, exchange pirate software, steal credit card. Use Trojan hacking software, nuke and DoS. Usually boasting via IRC channels, and etc. Since many shortcomings to achieve elite, in their development will only be up to the level of developed or script kiddie.

Hacker typical

1. Helping Computer software Industries

Generally, software development will be very grateful for input from the hackers, because with this input which they have become even better. It sometimes exploits that hackers not directly produced at the company to acquired the software, but it got by underground community, to be used by lamers and create chaos.

2. Arrogant

Arrogant is one of the main reasons a hacker to be caught. They boast and proclaim what they accomplished to gain recognition from others. Because his knowledge is still lacking, he will generally choose targets carefully. Slowly, they will increase their hierarchy according to his ability, without boasting himself. They usually brag to leave the name of their native identity in the sites that they've hacked. Sometimes, we found hackers who brag on the column of mailing lists and chat like IRC.

What is the fundamental difference between crackers and hackers?

Hacker

Hackers is a group or several groups that have the purpose to develop the science of hacking and sharing information freely with no boundaries. Hacker is someone who wants to know in depth about the work of a computer system, or computer network. They consist of the programmers who are experts because they are also create the network or the Internet so that we can enjoy it and make it easier to acquire learning, knowledge sharing. Internet itself created through the development of the UNIX operating system.

The term hacker was born in 1959 at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), a university in United states of America, which composed of intelligent people but tend not to trust in God (atheist). That's when everything began, "EAM room" in Building 26 at MIT, a place that is the ancestor of the "new world", where the ancestors of a machine which we now refer to as "computer", the machine who can bring us toward with freedom of information, the world of the true hacker.

Hacker is defined as a clever programmer. A good hack is a beautiful solution to the problem of programming and "hacking" is the process of making something useful. Five characteristics that indicate someone is a hacker, namely :
1. Someone who likes to learn the details of programming language or system.
2. Someone who did not just theorize programming course.
3. Someone who can appreciate, enjoy the results of other people hacking.
4. Someone who can quickly learn programming.
5. Someone who is an expert in a particular programming language or system, such as "Unix".

Unlike the assumption of most people, a true hacker who will obey the code of conduct, Hackers will try as far as possible avoid the harmful acts of others for personal gain. But also not be denied that many computer experts like that, in addition to comply with the code of ethics, sometimes they also try to use their skills to do negative things and can harm other people.

Along with the rapid development of technology, a hacker is something special and become a wonderful dream for some people to control systems and network security. But it turns out to be a true hacker is not something easy. And somehow Hacker is 'the art of IT'.

Without the hackers, the world of technology would seem apparent by simply following the path already exists and has been determined, there is absolutely no challenge and a different color. Virtual world will not seem so wide when we always felt that there might not be other people who know what we are doing in front of the monitor screen. Then how we would be if we only Hackers that can take advantage of and follow what already exists? Therefore keep creativity, conquer your world, and discover your new world out there, then you will be able to control your world. Do not ever regret it if you have never known by the world, because you will have to recognize your world to discover your new world.

Yes, that's Hacker. It is not easy to become Hacker, but whether we rightly say that being a hacker is difficult if we've never tried to do it. In addition to requiring sincerity to become a hacker, a true hacker must also comply with the rules and ethics of a hacker.

There are who classified groups of hackers who have different properties, two groups are :

1. White Hat Hacker

Hacker that fully comply with the ethics and rules of the game. They do not take advantage of his actions, and really want to protect the system from security holes and the damage caused by people who are not responsible. And this is the true form of the Hacker.

2. Black Hat Hacker

This group is no different than the people who holds the status as Cracker. They forget the limitations in the code of ethics and conduct technological innovation, regardless of the ethics that should be obeyed. Maybe they have the same Traffic devout hacker ethic, but they choose to use their skills to do harm things.

Cracker

Cracker is defined as someone who entered into the others system, usually on a computer network, bypassing passwords or licenses a computer program, or deliberately against computer security. Cracker can do this for profit, malice, or because of other reasons because there are challenges. Some of the piercing done to show the security weaknesses of the system.

The group makes hackers as a bad image. They are totally different from the Black Hat Hacker. It could be said that in fact the Black Hat Hacker is just another name of Cracker. They use their ability to gain access to other people's computers without the knowledge of the system, and then try to obtain confidential data owned by the victim. They actually have the same expertise in systems and computer networks and possibly much more, but they can not use it in accordance with ethical values that are determined.

But nevertheless may be said that they were very helpful and instrumental in the development of information and communication technology. Without them, it is difficult to realize that how insecure this virtual world. They are also adept at creating viruses, worms, Trojans, and smart install a backdoor. Without them, the world will never need antivirus, and the Hacker may not be very necessary to analyze security. However, as long as security holes can still be passed by Cracker, too difficult to eliminate cracker from the world of system and network security.

However, the urge to make cracking, it too difficult to be eliminated if the security hole and a lucrative profit already in sight, just type in some code and the benefits can be obtained. Therefore, as long as not violate the hacker ethical code, do not ever try to be a Hacker, because it will only harm others.

In the world of network security, the term above is not a strange words. Even many conditions affect network security, so that by some people who calls them as "controller" of cyberspace security. But apparently not many of us can understand the meaning, characteristics, and differences of the two terms above.

Indeed, Hackers and Crackers are two terms that have very different meanings. But by most people, both groups play a very important role in cyberspace security which is often misunderstood, so they seemed the same and harm. If we try to examine and find the difference between Hackers and Crackers, it will show that in fact they have very different goals in doing the action. Therefore, for the error of the two terms are not gradually, let us try to understand the meaning and difference of that two terms.

Hacker Ethical Code

In the hacker community, there are ethical rules that distinguish between hackers and crackers. One of the successful ethics formulated well in the book "Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution", written by Steven Levy, in 1984, there are 6 of ethics that need to be impregnated by a hacker :

1. Access to a computer, and whatever that will teach you how the world is running / working, should be unlimited. Always give priority to field of experience.

2. All information should be free, not hiding.

3. Never trust authority, believe in decentralization.

4. A hacker only on the value of his or her hacking ability, rather than artificial criteria such as degrees, age, position or ethnicity.

5. A hacker making art and beauty on a computer.

6. Computers can change your life for the better life.

Hacker Rules of The Game

General description of the rules that need to follow by a hacker :

1. Respect the knowledge and freedom of information.

2. Notifying the system administrator that there is a security breach / hole in the security that you see.

3. Do not take unfair advantage of the hack.

4. Not distribute and collect the pirated software.

5. Never take stupid risks, always know their own abilities.

6. Always willing to openly / free inform and teach a variety of information and methods provided.

7. Never hack a system to steal money.

8. Never give access to someone who will make mischief.

9. Never intentionally removing and destroying files on the hacked computer.

10. Respect the hacked machine, and treat it like your own machine.

Techniques of network security is no different with a knife, we can use for things that are ugly and destructive, but also can be used for good things that benefit the public. Choose something that is beneficial to society, your name will be remembered forever, not to mention if calculated problems and rewards that will be obtained through good deeds you do with the knowledge that you have.

Maybe if you want to be a true hacker, then start from everyday life. Have the special characteristics that must be owned by a hacker, and try to apply the Hacker ethics in everyday life. Basically, anti-hacker is a person of authority, then you should also try to be more creative to create something different and can provide benefits, although there are times when we need to follow what is already there.

But if you do not feel like being a hacker, then simply you understand that hackers are not as bad as you imagine. Learn to mention those who do not abide by hackers ethical code in doing stealth into someone Else's computer system as a Cracker (Black Hat Hacker). And do not ever call them that break down the others accounts to their own interests as Hacker (White Hat Hacker). And do not ever let someone else give you a false sense of both terms that we understand.

Many of us assume that the malicious hackers, hackers like to break into an ATM, breaking into computers, break into the security, steal passwords or any acts that harm others. Now such a presumption should remove because a hacker was not as bad as that in the imagined, not even bad at all.

As great as what his or her creation, any hacker will not be appreciated by another hacker, if he only get knowledge from other hackers without even trying his own search for knowledge. The Hackers always cooperate voluntarily resolve problems and build things. They always share information, provide answers and are keen to do his best to be respected in his neighborhood. They never stop learning to be an expert and very anti to do something repetitive and boring. They are guided by the wise words : "To follow the path, look at the expert, follow the master, walk with the expert, identify the experts, become the expert."

In contrast to the hacker, the cracker busy to satisfy themselves with Cracking activity, ranging from breaking into computers, breaking passwords, spread the virus for the purpose of harming another person, to outsmart the phone (Phreaking). The Cracker is a lazy person who is not responsible. So, it is not fair if we keep assume that hackers are evil and frightening as it is very clear with the explanation above.

Do you wanted to be a true hacker? But consider that to be a Hacker is difficult, have to understand programming language? If you have the intention to learn earnestly and diligently, there is no hard word. To be a hacker you have to master several programming languages and of course the attitudes that can make you acceptable in the environment of the Hacker. Usually candidates Hackers start by learning the Python language because the language is the easiest programming language. Example of this language you can see in www.python.org. After that you also have to master java, a little more difficult but it produces faster code than Python, [C], [C + +] which became the core of UNIX, and Perl (www.perl.com) and LISP for advanced.

Having mastered all basic skills above, potential hackers are advised to open one of the open-source version of UNIX or LINUX, try to learn, read the code, modify it and run it again. If you are having difficulty in learning, it is advisable to communicate with Linux users club.

A hacker is always hand in hand to solve a problem and build something. But in pity, their lives spends 90% time for hacking activity. Unlike me, I spend 90% of my time to learn the world of stock trading. If there is time remaining, it splits between running the daily life, chemistry, physics and programming world.

Precepts for Hackers

- Do not intentionally damage any system. (Remove hard disk, crashes, overflow, and etc. Change the look of one website's index.html, as long as the original files are stored on the same system and can be accessed by the administrator).
- Do not alter any system files other than those required to secure your identity.
- Do not leave your real name, original handles, as well as the original phone number on any system that you access illegally. They will track you from your handle.
- Be cautious about sharing sensitive information. Government will become more intelligent. In general, if you do not know to whom you chat with, beware!
- Do not start by targeting government-owned computers. Yes, there are many systems of government property that is reasonably safe to hack, but the risk is greater than the benefits. Remember, the government has unlimited funds compared with the ISP (Internet service provider) / Company that its objective is just to seek profit.

How to hack Facebook?

2011-04-01T08:31:00.000-07:00

Facebook, many people use it. Today, I post about how to hack Facebook user name and password? How to hack Facebook?, Facebook Hacking is very popular. I had no intention of writing an article about "how to hack Facebook", usually it's for beginner hackers. Starting from a number of my friends whom got their Facebook hacked, then I will review some common way to hack your Facebook account so that you know how to avoid for your Facebook account can not be hacked.

Facebook is not the site that can easily be hacked. So, Facebook account get steal because the hacker could take advantage of carelessness and lack of knowledge of the Facebook user.

This method is very powerful to deceive the prospective Hacker. Actually this way is not included in the science of hacking, because the pure fraud. But since a Hackers candidate deceived, then I put in the article "How to Hack Facebook?". Look closely, some common ways to hack Facebook to get the user name and password, and how to avoid :

1. Phishing (Fake Facebook Login)

Phishing is a term derived meaning Fishing. Phishing Internet world means that lure victims to visit a specific page. Phishing on Facebook means that hackers use all means to lure you to visit the fake Facebook (Fake Facebook Login). Phishing Facebook is the most frequently used in Facebook Hacking. Phishing among others :

- Sending false E-mails
The point, Hackers send an e-mail to you that you look as an e-mail from Facebook and you are asked to visit a link / URL / site address.

How to hack Facebook by E-mail?

No one knows if Facebook and the Yahoo establish a unique collaboration. And by utilizing the cooperation, we can know the password of the Facebook account from someone with easily. After learning this gap, it is very easy to get a Facebook password from someone if we know how to nail. And it did not need the software.

1. Log in to Yahoo.

Remember ..! your Yahoo account must be aged at least 30 days so this way works well and should be the address you are using at the time of Facebook registration. Yahoo will automatically reject the email reply which is not connected to Facebook.

2. If you have entered into Yahoo, write an email addressed to your Facebook staff with e-mail address :
emailfakeFacebook@yahoo.com

Yahoo server will automatically send the password "forgotten" it.

3. On the SUBJECT line enter / type the sentence: 'PASSWORD Retrieve'

4. Then on the first line of your mail write the victims e-mail address.

5. On the second line enter the e-mail address you are using.

6. On the third line enter your Yahoo password.

Remember, the password you enter is what will determine success or failure of your business because Yahoo servers will automatically login to confirm your email is valid or not, in other words the Yahoo server will be extract the password from your emails to potential victims by using your password.

And this process is very safe because you send an email to the engine and not to someone.

7. And in the last line insert the words: cgi-bin / $ et76431 & pwrsa, this is the code needed to download the e-mails match with your emails to potential victims.

for example your e-mail address is john.doe@yahoo.com

and your victim e-mail is cuongph@pvep.com.vn

and your password is : 'phamhongcuong'

then you write an e-mail reply will be :

To : Facebook_retrieve@yahoo.com
bcc and cc : (leave blank)
Subject: password retrieve

cuongph@pvep.com.vn
john.doe@yahoo.com

phamhongcuong

cgi-bin / $ et76431 & pwrsa

then after you send e-mail, you will receive automatic replies from Yahoo with the subject: System Reg
Message

Yahoo usually takes about 30 minutes to confirm and to extract the password you requested.

I think the article in the box above does not need to explain, it was already clear, you'll be deceived it, if you follow these steps. What a silly Pham!

Fake E-mail (Socialization)

This method is still in touch with Phishing Facebook with Fake Login. You get an e-mail from someone who seemed sent from Facebook or the applications that connect with Facebook.

Example:
You got an email from Facebook (false), informing you that Rin Sakuragi adding you as a friend (wow, the hackers know, you are guys). Without suspected, you immediately respond to friend request by clicking its link in e-mail. Taxable!, Said the hackers. Hohoho.

I do not think I need to explain how the form of e-mails, that I want to explain is how the hacker can get your email address.

How to get email Facebook from someone is very easy, just open Facebook profile then look at page info in it. Clearly posted with an email address of the profile owner. To avoid theft of the e-mail address above, you should change your Facebook email address info into a state of "HIDE / NOT visible."

So, the hacker can not get your email address?

Not completely true. Hackers have another way to get your email address, use applications that connect with Facebook.

Example:

Try to login to Facebook, then open an application within Facebook. I take the example Zinga Poker. After Zinga Poker page opens, click the right mouse button at page and select "View Page Source" or press 'CTRL + U'. New page will appear containing the line of HTML code or Javascript.

From thousand codes on the page, emblazoned with the clear with yourself info / data including your friends data such as name, date of birth, e-mail address, and etc. The possibility of your password can be obtained by looking at the codes.

Suggestion: In Zinga Poker (particularly players who have lots of chips), do not carelessly accept the 'Add Buddy' by others if you do not want your poker chips disappear without trace. If you need to play poker with the Privacy Profile, it will be safer but not 100% safe.

- Through the IM (Internet messenger)
For example Hackers entered to a room in Yahoo Messenger and posted a fake Facebook link.

- Through a site
for example:
a) Hacker makes a blog and post interesting articles about Facebook and direct you to a fake Facebook login page.
b) By leaving a comment and fake Facebook link in one website article.
c) Hackers using free classified ads/ non free to post the invitation of his writings.

How fake Facebook Login Works?

I am assuming that you're visiting a fake Facebook login page and I will explain the workings of its rapscallion groundlessness quality of the Fake Login.

1. Simple Fake Login (Low Quality)
You enter your user name and password to your Facebook account, then your user name and password will be recorded by Hacker, owner of fake login page. You do not move anywhere to remain posted them.

2. Standards Fake Login (Medium Quality)
You enter your user name and password to your Facebook account, then your user name and password will be recorded by Hacker, owner of fake login page, then you are redirected (moved) automatically to the Facebook genuine page, like you enter an incorrect username or password. So if you enter another user name and password, then you will login into your real Facebook account.

3. Best Fake Login (High Quality)
You enter your user name and password to your Facebook account, then your user name and password will be recorded by Hacker, owner of fake login page, then you are redirected (moved) automatically to the Facebook genuine page 'in the login' or you're really in, into your Facebook account without problems.

How phishing works :

1. Register to a free web hosting, that support php.
2. After you successfully register to a free web hosting, go to 'file manager', delete the index.html file (in Cpanel).
3. What is needed is the file index.php and write.php as core of fakelogin, you can download the script in http://www.ziddu.com/download/5023245/scriptFakeloginFacebook.rar.html (only 9KB).
4. Once you have downloaded it. There are two files and write you name in its index on your free webhosting.
5. First test your Facebookload index.php and login from there, if successful, there will be a new file Password.txt (intended as a place where userID and password that will be accommodated in the fake Facebook login).

Overview of writing fake URL (fake address)

Example :
http://www.fakefacebook.com address is the address of his fake Facebook login. Shown / written like http://www.facebook.com and objectives / page that opens is http://www.fakefacebook.com. Currently, most of the fake login page is blocked so can not opened, no matter whether the purpose of the fake login page, it is really to deceive or just for learning only. The Hacking world will never cease to grow. How strong to anticipate them, the hackers can always find new ways to break through the security of a system.

How to avoid Phishing?

Easy, see the address on the Internet browser's address bar before you login. Make sure if it is http://www.facebook.com/ or http://login.facebook.com/.

Software to hack Facebook

This time I will discuss about the tools or software that circulated widely that can be used as a tool to hack a Facebook account.

1. Pirate Facebook Hack v1.02

Software Pirate Facebook Hack v1.02 very easy to use, enough to know the Facebook "User ID" , and then you will get an email address and password to log into the other Facebook account.

But the success of Pirate Facebook Hack is still questionable, because I have not found anyone who successfully use this software. Constraints of this software is the need for IP Address of the Facebook site for this software to work. Facebook using the system IP changer or better known as IP reflective, so that the original IP address is unknown.

I do not know if the Pirate Facebook Hack really can be used to hack Facebook or just a mere fad software.

2) GZ's Facebook or Facebook frezeer

This software is not to steal or know the password of the others Facebook account, but it is used to randomize Facebook passwords only. The terms in this software is "Freeze" or does "Freeze". It is pretty easy to use, you just enter the email address of victims, and then press the "Freeze". After a while, the victim's password is changed. So the victim can no longer go to his Facebook account.

Software of GZ's Facebook is just for fun, Freeze is also only temporary. Read the help program to stop Freeze or just close the program. Download Facebook frezeer in 'computer software', computer redesign >> computer software.

3) Keylogger

Keylogger or Keyboard Logger is used for local Hack. It means you must enter in advance keylogger program on the victim's computer. The function of the keylogger is to record all keyboard activity such as writing in the word, chatting, the used user name and password. Basically every time the button is pressed the keyboard must be saved / recorded by this program.

If you are unsure of your computer security (keylogger installed by others), use the "On-Screen Keyboard" or a virtual keyboard. How to open it in Windows,

Start Menu >> All Programs >> Accessories >> Accessibility

4. Virus Cookie Thief

What is a Cookie? Read more articles about cookies in this directory. Virus that is used is a worm. This virus consists of two parts, namely, server and client. And of course the worm virus can copy itself. Viruses that often you find in your computer is part of his client, while the servers are owned by the Hacker. If your computer is infected then you can not do anything. Hohoho.

Examples are W32.Koobface Worm, the type of virus is quite famous for being able to steal a cookie on the victim's computer, and make the virus spreaders could take over the victims Facebook account. The worm will also spread to all the data of existing friends on victims Facebook.

Many ways to make the spread of the virus, such as through video, pictures, and etc. Therefore be careful when receiving e-mail or message on Facebook that does not has clear origins. Do not click at random. Also, if it is not too important, delete cookies on your browser.

How to hack Facebook using javascript?

Because Facebook so rely on base javascript (AJAX), and because we can type javascript into the address bar, it means we can "poke" into the Facebook to doing the things that we normally would not be able to do. This is not "hacking" exactly, but using the same type of skills with which hackers use when looking into the application. The best part is that because it all uses the same control code (or 'API') which Facebook also used it, there's no way to Facebook, to find out what you do? So, it is really safe!

1. Sending your friends offline

If you chat with friends, get them to paste the following code into the address bar of their Facebook :

javascript: buddyList.toggleTab ();

That will make them go offline! Of course not permanent, they can be back online by clicking the icon as usual, or by giving the same command again.

2. Change the Facebook color

Is that cool? Simply use the following code to get your profile to change the color and gives an impression to your friends.

javascript: void (document.getElementById ('headNavOut') style.backgroundColor =. "red");

Of course, you can use the color you want, orange, green, yellow, black. It's also fun to change it to "white" so that you can not see the text. Once again, only you can see it, but not until you log out.

3. Get chat history even when someone offline

One thing that I find disturbing about Facebook is you can not retrieve chat history if your friend is offline, but with this script, you can do it.

Click to your friend's profile page and copy their Facebook ID from the address bar, which is the number after "id =".

It may look a little different, maybe something like this: http://www.facebook.com/home.php/ profile.php? id = 123132132213 & ref = nf

But the most important thing is to copy the number of user, in this case 123132132213

Then when you are on Facebook, Copy this script into the address bar :

javascript: buddyList.itemOnClick (123132132213), (With the correct ID of course)

And their chat window will appear, saying "John Doe is offline". And the chat history will be displayed.

You can even open a chat window for yourself by inserting your own ID to the javascript. You can use it to small notes to yourself, but remember that the history of Facebook chat will be deleted every few days, so do not rely on it.

Note :
Some people have trouble pasting it, so here's how it should look. More difficult to determine the ID of the profile, but still possible, this is one way : right click "view all" friends link and choose "copy link location", such as :

In Internet Explorer, you can select the link "open in new tab". The resulting URL will look like this :

http://www.facebook.com/friends/?id=YOUR_ID_HERE&view=everyone

4. Change the name of your Facebook account (temporary)

Very simple hack that you can apply to any Web site. You can do this by using javascript as follows :

javascript: void (document.title = "Facebook | johndoe");

Unfortunately, your friends will only see your real name, not the new one, but it could create some entertainment in the classroom or computer lab where you can show to others.

5. Close the chat window

If you chat with friends and want to close the window, make sure you can only click the 'x' in the Facebook top right corner, but it's not easy to do with javascript? If you can fool your friends by typing the following code in their account, you can close anyone chat window :

javascript: chatDisplay.tabs [123132132213] tabXOnClick ().;

You can send your friends a link with Facebook ID in it, and they will close the chat window with you. If you happen to know that ID: 123 chatting with ID: 321, you can send the following to ID: 123, and when she paste it in, it will close the chat with 321.

javascript: chatDisplay.tabs [321] tabXOnClick ().;

6. Takes notice

javascript: presence.toggleTab ('chat_status_control', 'chat_status_control_tab');

7. Bring a list of Facebook online friends

javascript: buddyList.toggleTab ();

8. Bring the Facebook application tab

javascript: applicationDock.toggleTab ();

9. Make bold text or underlined in the Facebook chat
*, Star (*) to the text using bold, And _underscores_ to underline. There is no way to get text sideways on Facebook.

That's all hacks that have been found. In fact, possible to get your friends to "like", or "not like" as your desire, and I thought it would be possible to get them to comment more, but the complexity of JavaScript makes it is not worth, plus to get them to paste the code into their address bar, it is not possible, there is no way to do it without making them suspicious.

Facebook Easter Egg

Here is a nice easter egg for your Facebook account :

- Foolish English Language

Go to page language settings and scroll to the bottom of the list of languages, and somewhere around there you will see "English (Pirate)" in the list of Facebookported languages.

Select that language and display to your friends, you will look very foolish with your new Facebook.

- Konami

Click the box to your Facebook status and type the following: [Up] [Up] [down] [down] [left] [right] [left] [right] ba [enter], then click anywhere on the page to see lensflares.

- Displays the emoticons in the Facebook chat

All the Facebook emoticons available in the chat window. A complete list of Facebook smiley is on 20bits.com. This list includes Facebook sharks smiley and Facebook penguins smiley.

Happy Hacking! If you want to learn how to hack, follow MyLoveMyWorld article directory : directory, education, entertainment (which have the science of hacking).

PAPI (Perception and Preference Inventory) Masterplan

2011-03-26T09:44:00.000-07:00

PAPI (Perception and Preference Inventory) created by Max Martin Kostick, Professor of Industrial Psychology at Boston State College, in Massachusetts, USA, early 1960's. PAPI-shaped self report inventory and now used by more than 1000 companies in the world. Available in 25 languages, can be done online, CD-Rom installable and traditional paper formats.

This tool is to test individual's personal style in the workplace as a result of needs and their confidence in completing a different role. This tool examines motivators, leadership style, energy level, social environment, work styles, temperaments and relationships with superiors.

The rationale for the design and formulation as PAPI assessment which measures the tendency (Need) and perception (Role) is based on a needs-press Murray theory. PAPI explore the broad dimensions of personality. These dimensions are separated into the Role and Need scale.

PAPI Role Scale measures the individual's perception of itself in the working environment and pay attention to areas such as leadership, integrative planning and style of work (attention to detail). Need estimate the depth scale trend that can not be separated from the behavior of individuals such as the need to become part of the group, the need for attention and needs to be supported.

10 Need scales :
- Need to control others (P).
- Need for rules and supervision (W).
- Need for change (Z).
- Need to finish a task (N).
- Need to be noticed (X).
- Need to belong to groups (B).
- Need to relate closely to individuals (O).
- Need to be forceful (K).
- Need to achieve (A).
- Need to be supportive (F).

Principle of PAPI Roles answer :
1. Expressed in the statement of perception, for example, I always focus on measures to be undertaken / future.
2. Involving the situational characteristics that urges us to act a certain way, reflecting the organization's culture, work role demands, a boss's management style, as well as experience outside the work environment.
3. Not measure of the psychological state.

10 Role scales :
- Leadership role (L).
- Organized type (C).
- Attention to detail (D).
- Conceptual thinker (R).
- Social Harmonizer (S).
- Ease in decision making (I).
- Work pace (T).
- Emotional restraint (E).
- Role of the hard worker (G).
- Integrative planner (H).

PAPI-I (Ipsative)

PAPI-I are ipsative, measure and compare attributes within the individual. Should not be used to compare one individual with another individual. Only used for the purpose of understanding a person, not to make a judgment that will be compared with others.

PAPI-I consists of 90 items : 180 paired statements in a forced choice format. 45 dual statement items used to assess the Roles and 45 dual statement items used to assess Needs. Each scale is measured by PAPI : 180/20 = 9 statement.

PAPI-I suitable for a situation assessment that does not require comparative judgments and situations where individuals prefer to display themselves as :
- Career development.
- Personal development.
- Coaching and mentoring.
- Counselling.
- Work problem diagnosis.
- Aiding better performance.
- Identifying training needs.
- Team building.

PAPI-I: Each item consists of two statements (A and B). Subjects were asked to choose one of these statements in accordance with himself or herself, and not choose which is considered reasonable by the public.

If the subject chose the statement A, subjects were asked to circle the arrow above the item number on the answer sheet. Meanwhile, if the subject chose statement B, subjects were asked to circle the arrow that exist under the item number on the answer sheet.

PAPI-N (Normative)

PAPI-N is normative, appropriate for the situation assessment is necessary judgments to comparing individuals with another one. Individuals will see the advantages present within themselves as well as possible as the purpose of :
- Selection candidates for a job position.
- Matching candidates with specific job for template.
- The PAPI development in-house norms.

PAPI-N consists of 126 single statement, every statement with a Likert scale of rating models. PAPI Each scale contains 6 items, with scales of Social desirability of 6 items.

Respondents were asked to indicate how far they agree / disagree with the statement in the rating scales from 7 scales. PAPI-N includes a 6-item scale of social desirability.

Test time and scoring systems

There is no time limit, but usually can be completed in 25-35 minutes. Score usually calculated at 20 scale: 10 needs scale and 10 role scales. On the basis of this score, individual position are mapped to a profile (wheel), organized in about 7 factor structure.

How to scoring PAPI?

PAPI test is calculated by summing the circled arrows and headed towards the box. Check the total which is located above and below the sheet answer by adding up the value of the aspect which is located parallel to the box. The total above is 45, as well as that in below. So the total should be 90, according to the number of items.

PAPI will move the value contained in each section measured, as noted in the answer sheet to sheet diagram, in accordance with the existing code letter, by circling the value of the part being measured. Then, connect the whole circle so that the data is ready in interpretation.

7 aspects measured in PAPI test :
1. Follower ship which consists of sections F and W.
2. Work direction consisting of the N, G, and A.
3. Leadership consists of the L, P and I.
4. Activity consisting of the T and V.
5. Social nature consisting of the X, S, B, and O.
6. Work style which consists of the R, D, and C.
7. Temperament which consists of the Z, E and K.

2 range test of PAPI results :
1. Middle Range
Means that individuals are at sufficient levels or average. Vector score 4-5.
2. Extreme
- High Analysis: means that individuals are at high or very high level. Score vector 6-9.
- Low Analysis: means that the individual is at its low or very low. Score vector 0-3.

For the vector Z and K, High and Low Analysis, just Analyze of his or her works in reverse.

4 Data analysis from PAPI test results :
1. Adjacent Analysis
The analysis in the form of comparing the vector located on the left with a vector located on the right (cross).
2. Opposite Analysis
The analysis in the form of comparing the vector in the front / facing each other or the opposite.
3. Linkage Analysis
The analysis in the form of attention to the overall outcome of the vector (all vectors analyzed) and then made a conclusion from the analysis of all these vectors.
4. Vector Analysis
The analysis by comparing one extreme to the other extreme characteristic vectors, such as vectors which are very high, and vice versa, or vector which is very high with low vector.

PAPI test answer master plan as you can see bellow :

Nuclear Reactor : history, system, safety, energy, radiation leak, radiation danger level, algorithm

2011-03-19T06:28:00.001-07:00

The reactor is a process device where the occurrence of a reaction, either chemical or nuclear reaction and not by physics. With the occurrence of this reaction, a material change to the form of other materials, there are changes that occur spontaneously or occur by itself or may also need assistance such as heat energy (the most common used energy). The change is a chemical change, so no physical reaction phase to change materials such as from water to steam.

There are two types of reactor :
1. Chemical Reactors.
2. Nuclear Reactors.

Both types of reactors are different in some respects, the most striking difference is in the law of conservation of mass chemical plays a very important in reactor, because there is no mass loss in the reaction, it was just changing from one type of material to the other material species. While nuclear reactors do not like that, in this reactor the mass loss to be changed to a form of fission energy that nuclear reactors are designed for this.

Nuclear reactor was the scene of the core cleavage reaction or known as a controlled fission chain. The main part of the nuclear reactor are : the fuel, control rods, moderator, coolant, and shield.

Nuclear reactors are distinguished by function, namely research reactor, and nuclear power reactor.

This nuclear reaction will generate heat energy in large quantities. For example in power reactors, the heat energy produced can be used to produce steam heat, and then used to work the turbine-generator that can generate electricity.

While in the research reactor, the heat produced is not utilized and can be discharged into the environment.

The history of nuclear power

The history of nuclear energy utilization through the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) starting some time after the team led by Enrico Fermi succeeded to control nuclear chain reaction in 1942. Own highly secret nuclear power reactor and constructed under the University of Chicago's sports stadiums. After that, people trying to develop new energy sources utilization. But in the beginning, the development of nuclear energy utilization is still very limited, that is just done in the United States and Germany. Not long after, Britain, France, Canada and Russia also began running its nuclear energy program.The first electricity generated from nuclear power plants is in Idaho, United States, in 1951. Subsequently in 1954 a small-scale nuclear power plant also started operating in Russia. The world's first nuclear power plant which operated commercially, qualified first time in October 1956 in Calder Hall, Cumberland. At Calder Hall, nuclear power plant system consists of two nuclear power reactors that capable of producing about 80 million watts of electricity. Successful operation of nuclear power plants has inspired the emergence of several nuclear power plants with the same model in various places.

Development of nuclear power technology

Nuclear power plant technology has been progressing quite rapidly. Its safety made naturally attached (inherent) and less dependent on operator or active devices (passive safety). Since the early 1950s to the present, nuclear power plants are divided into several generations :

Generation 1, was developed in the period 1950s to the 1960s. This generation is an early prototype reactor power plant that aims to prove that nuclear energy can be used for peaceful purposes. Examples of this generation is shipping port NPP (PWR type), Dresden (type BWR) and Magnox (type GCR).

Generation II nuclear power plant was developed after the 1970s. The majority of currently operating nuclear power plants around the world can be classified as Generation II. Some already in refurbish and experienced extended periods of operation. Generation II nuclear power plant used as a reference commercial power reactors in nuclear power plant until the end of 1990s. Examples of this generation is NPP type PWR, CANDU, BWR, and VVER Agr.

Generation III and III + is the result of evolutionary design changes while utilizing the experience from previous operations. Developed from the late 1990s with the aim of improving the safety factor by making use of inherent safety systems and improve the economics of reactor. This species is many built in East Asian countries. Examples of Generation III nuclear power plant is the System 80 +. An evolutionary design improvements to enhance economic factors significantly. Generation III + nuclear power plants produce a more economical, for example AP1000, ABWR, and EPR.

Generation IV nuclear power plants are the result of an innovative development that has high economic aspects, safety levels further, resulting in very low quantities of waste, it is difficult to proliferation (diverted for non-peaceful purposes), and free from the possibility of core melt (melt-free) or free of nuclear accidents.

Generation IV nuclear power plants are designed not only to supply electric power, but also to supply thermal energy for industrial processes. Therefore, Generation IV nuclear power plants are no longer referred as a nuclear power plant but as Nuclear Energy System (NES). Six types of Generation IV reactors are : Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR), Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR), Gas-cooled Fast Reactor (GFR), Liquid metal cooled Fast Reactor (LFR), Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) and Super Critical Water cooled Reactor (SCWR).

NPP Working Principle

Nuclear power plant working principle is very similar to the Power Plant (Coal Fired Power Station), where electricity is produced from the rotation of turbine-generator driven by steam heating of the cooling water. The difference is in generating heat, it is used to generate steam.

At the power plant, heat produced from burning fossil fuels like oil, coal and gas. While the nuclear power plant generated heat from the reaction of nuclear fuel, such as Uranium. Nuclear reaction is used in nuclear power is uranium nuclei fission reactions induced by neutron particles and produce very high heat energy.

Heat is used to heat water into steam to a turbine-generator, to rotate and generate electricity. Nuclear reactions induced by neutron particles can take place in sequence (constantly) to produce continues heat energy.

In a nuclear reactor, occurred solving process nuclei or better known as fusion process, because the fuel is broken down by shooting the neutrons. The solution is to produce energy and particles. The energy produced is very large, namely around 200 MeV, and elementary particles are photons, electrons, and neutrons. This newly formed neutron will shoot atom from side. So this reaction is called a chain reaction.

How nuclear reactors work?

Nuclear reactor works by firing a slow neutron to the nucleus of uranium-235. If the neutrons are absorbed, then the uranium-235 nucleus becomes unstable (because its mass is very large) and produce fission reactions (release energy and produce new neutrons which will continue the reaction and two new elements which are lighter than the previous core.) Nuclear reactions based on chain reaction. Chain reaction is a continual reaction force (continuous) so that no more new neutrons are needed to launch a nuclear reactor reaction on guard rod (control rod) and cooling (cooling may also be liquid or gas). Shaft guards are used to control the flow of neutrons generated from the previous reaction to a nuclear reaction produced out of control. If beyond the nuclear reactions control, there will be a very large explosion energy (this principle used in atomic bombs). Refrigerant is used as an intermediary of heat to heat water which then turned into high-pressure steam used to drive turbines which generating electricity.

For the U-235, this core does not absorb neutrons, but when neutrons hit the nucleus, the nucleus tends to divide into a more stable core and followed by a few neutrons, while U-238 tends to absorb the free neutrons and turns into the isotope U-239 if the neutron energy still in the slow neutrons category.

Not only the walls, but all the objects in the universe has produced radiation, because every element in the universe is composed of a mixture of several isotope. Example : chlorine element consists of a mixture of chlorine 35 and chlorine 37. Chlorine 35 is radioactive element, while chlorine 37 is not radioactive element. Carbon and hydrogen (carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14 and tritium and deuterium) also the same. Our body is also composed of these elements and have radioactive isotope element.

The main components in a nuclear reactor is the fuel, usually in the form of UO2 pellets with 28 thousand Celsius melting point tubes arranged in a cylinder and arranged in a fuel device. One nuclear power plant has about 200 fuel device which length is 4 meters. Moderator is a component to slow nuclear power plants function. The next major component is a cooling agent in the form of water that carries and transfers heat from a heat exchanger core into neutrons that released from fission. Neutron population is governed by control rods which also set the power.

How do I control the nuclear reaction?

Nuclear reactions triggered by neutron particles, and the ongoing nuclear chain reaction is also highly dependent on the number of neutrons particles in a nuclear reactor.

Control the number of neutron particles is done by using control rods, which is made by materials that can absorb neutrons.

Control rod is placed between the trunks of nuclear fuel elements, to control the number of neutrons that could trigger a nuclear chain reaction.

When to do the replacement of nuclear fuel element?

Replacement of nuclear fuel elements in nuclear reactors after the number of U-235 which had been quite a lot of cleavage, so that the amount in the fuel element is no longer efficient to produce heat. This condition occurs after less than 2 years (18 months) later after the reactor at the content again with a new fuel element, by replacing one third of the fuel elements.

This substitute, typically takes one to two months. But the latest development was reported that the River Bend nuclear power plant installation at Louisiana, U.S. has reduced this time to 17 days.

Is nuclear power safe?

NPP is a safe technology, the safety technology is secured through a very high safety standards. Safety standard includes the safety system design that emphasizes reliability system, backup system (redundancy) and diversity system.

The principle of safety in nuclear reactor with layered defense system (defense in depth), which attempts to have a variety of safety systems, not mutually dependent and layered. This is intended to prevent possible accidents and minimize the danger of radiation on workers, communities, and environment.

Nuclear reactor is always in areas far from urban life.

Security Systems

For security, it can be assured, a reactor should control a chain reaction and a means of cooling and fuel processing facilities. Contrast to ordinary chemical reactions, nuclear reactions occur continuously. The energy generated is determined from the speed of solving the atomic nucleus. In controlling the occurrence of this reaction, neutrons that have a high speed must be slowed, this can be done with a material called the moderator. Some examples are the H2O moderator (light water), D2O (heavy water, graphite and others). In addition, some are called absorber that functions to absorb neutrons like Baron, Xenon and etc. In this way we can control the level of moderator that can control the nuclear reaction .

Other facilities is the heat from the reactor controllers. A nuclear reactor will work normally if they are in thermal equilibrium. Usually this problem can be overcome by the shape and structure of the reactor itself, which allows the heat can be streamed and naturally removed. Changes in workload will affect the reaction that will affect the occurred heat. But as long as these changes occur slowly, heat balance of the reactor will remain intact. In the beginning of the design, it must be taken into account of the heat changes that occur at times of emergency, in this case may need additional cooling equipment.

Another important part is the reactor lid. The outside of the reactor should be built with strong layer, this layer serves to keep the reactor from outside interference and also to keep the radiation can be enclosed within the reactor containment only when a leak occur in a reactor.
In the design of the entire safety system, there are some important criteria that must be met, like failure single criterion, in which the failure of one part should not cause failure of other parts, and multi-barrier concept or system of layered security. The rapid development of modern technology these days, especially in the field of computers, it is a very great significance in ensuring the fulfillment of these criteria. The failure may occur, but with the help of computers each fault can be detected quickly and the steps that need to be taken as early as possible to avoid total failure.

The tools of nuclear reactor safety

To support for the reactor to function optimally and safely controlled, it is necessary to process control systems that use some additional tools.

Some examples of these accessories generally are :

- Level Controller (LC)

a device that prevents volume (content) of the reactor to stay awake, do not run out of reactants or excess which can cause increased pressure. The workings of this tool is to continue to detect the height of the surface material in the reactor, if less than a given tolerance (set point), then the tap output will be shrunk to reach high altitude that has been set. Conversely, if the output exceeds the valve, it will open wider to reduce the material in a reactor.

- Pressure Controller (PC)a tool that served to keep the pressure in the reactor still in the specified range. Usually applied to the reactor using gas reactant. It works similar to the LC, to open and close the faucet.

- Temperature Controller (TC)

a device that served for the temperature inside the reactor still in the operating temperature range. TC is also working with the opening and closing valves, but valves that intervention is a utility faucet.

Heated CSTR as example, if temperatures drop, the valve steam coil heat will be enlarged so that the incoming steam which eventually supply more heat also increases and eventually will increase the reactor temperature and reactor temperature can return to normal temperature. Conversely, if the reactor temperature increases.

Type of NPP

Nuclear power plant technology is designed for nuclear energy released from fission process can be utilized as a source of energy in everyday life. NPP is a system that uses power reactors in operation which acts as a heat-generating furnace. Today there are various types of nuclear power plants operating. The differences are marked with different types of power reactors that use. Each type of nuclear power plants / power reactor types generally developed by certain countries, so often a type of nuclear power plants are very prominent in a country, but not operated by other countries. Differences various types of power reactors that could lie in the use of fuel, moderator, cooling type and other differences.

The different types of power reactors developed from country to country is also influenced by the level of technology associated with nuclear weapons use by each country. In the early development of nuclear power plants in the 1950s, a new uranium enrichment could be carried out by the United States and Russia, so that the two countries at that time already begun to develop power reactor fuel with enriched uranium. Meanwhile in Canada, France and Britain at that time focused on reactor development program use natural uranium-fueled power. Therefore, the first nuclear power plant operating in three countries using natural uranium-fueled reactor. But in subsequent developments, Britain and France also operates the enriched uranium-fueled nuclear power plant.

Most power reactors are in operation today is the type of LWR (Light Water Reactor) that originally developed in the U.S. and Russia. Called the Light Water Reactor by using high purity H₂O as well as reactor coolant moderator material. This reactor consists of Water Reactor or PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) and BWR (Boiling Water Reactor) operated with total respectively reached 52% and 21.5% of the total operating power reactors. The remaining 26.5% consisted of various other types of power reactors. The following various types of nuclear power plants currently operating in different countries.

1. Boiling Water Reactor

In boiling water reactor, fission heat is used directly to evaporate the cooling water and steam that is formed directly used to turn turbines. High pressure turbine receives steam at a temperature around 290 º C and pressure of 7.2 MPa. Some steam forwarded again to the low pressure turbine. With this, the system may be obtained 34 % thermal efficiency. Thermal efficiency indicates the percentage of fission heat that can be converted into electrical energy. After going through the turbines, steam will experience the cooling process so that changes to the water which goes to the reactor core to evaporated again and so on. In these reactors use fuel with U-235 with enrichment level of 3-4% in the form of UO2.

In 1981,Toshiba, General Electric and Hitachi collaborate with Tokyo Electric Power Co..Inc. launched a joint venture development project in order to improve system performance by introducing Advanced BWR (Boiling Water Reactor) or A-BWR (Advanced Boiling Water Reactor). Capacity A-BWR is designed to enhance greater economic benefits. In addition, some components of the reactor also increased, such as an increase in the fuel fraction, improving the cooling system circulating pumps, control rod drive mechanism and others.

2. Pressurized Water Reactor
Pressurized Water Reactor also using H₂O as a coolant as well as moderator. The difference with BWR cooling system is the use of two kinds, namely primary and secondary cooling. Heat generated by fission reaction is used to heat the primary cooling water. The reactor is equipped with pressure control equipment (pressurizer) used to maintain the primary coolant system pressure.

Pressurizer system consists of a tank equipped with electric heating and water sprayers. If the pressure in the reactor core is reduced, electric heater will heat the water contained in the pressurizer tank, forming additional steam which will raise the pressure in the primary cooling system. Conversely if the pressure in the primary cooling system increases, then the water spray system will condense some steam so that steam pressure is reduced and the primary cooling system will return to its original state. Pressure in the primary cooling system maintained at 150 Atm position to prevent the primary coolant water does not boil at temperatures around 300 º C. At normal air pressure, water will boil and evaporate at a temperature of 100 º C.

In the working process, the primary cooling water discharged into the steam generator system, causing heat exchange between the cooling system of primary and secondary cooling system. In this case between the two is simply cooling heat exchange occurs without any contact or mixing, because the two were separated by the cooling pipe system. The occurrence of heat exchange causes the secondary cooling water evaporates. Pressure on secondary cooling system is maintained at normal air pressure so that water can evaporate at a temperature of 100 º C. Steam formed in the steam generator system is then channeled to turn turbines.

The system work Pressurized Water Reactor nuclear power plant with more complex than the BWR systems. However, if viewed in the safety system, Pressurized Water Reactor is more secure than the BWR. In Pressurized Water Reactor, primary coolant system of rotation actually closed, so if a leak of radioactive, material inside the reactor core will not cause contamination of the turbine. In Boiling Water Reactor, leakage of radioactive material is dissolved in the primary cooling water can cause contamination of the turbine. Pressurized Water Reactor also has reliable operation and the safety is excellent. One factor supporting this is because the reactor has a negative reactivity coefficient. If the temperature rise in the reactor core of a sudden, the reactor power will soon go down by itself. But because it uses two cooling systems, the thermal efficiency is slightly lower than the BWR.

The most nuclear reactor type in the world is the type of LWR (Light Water Reactor), this type uses ordinary water as moderator (the neutron speed controller) at once to produce water vapor which is then used to drive turbines. In America, BWR (Boiling Water Reactor) and PWR (Pessurized Water Reactor) is a widely used than type of LWR.

In PWR type, to produce electricity are as follows :

1. Inside the reactor core, fission occurs because of the shooting neutrons of nuclear fuel that produces heat energy.
2. Heat energy generated from the reactor core and then carried by water pressure on the primary loop to the steam generator.
3. Inside the steam generator, water originating from the secondary loop to be heated and formed steam.
4. The resulting steam is directed to steam turbines to turn generators and eventually produce electricity

What is the reason in NPP election?

Selection of nuclear power plants as a source of electrical energy is based on several considerations.

First, nuclear power plants use natural uranium as nuclear fuel, natural uranium is widely available in nature and content of very high energy (energy produced per amount of material is the highest). For example, energy produced by half a kilogram of uranium is equal to the energy produced by six tons of coal. In terms of cost, cost per kilo watts hours (kWh) needed for nuclear power plants was relatively lower compared with coal.

Second, supplies of fossil energy sources dwindling, because the majority of people are now using this energy source.

Third, the operation of nuclear power produces no greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Carbon dioxide gas is the cause of the greenhouse gas effect. As a result of the effects of greenhouse gases is causing global warming with the earth's rising temperatures. Also, do not cause acid rain which can damage the ecosystem.

Other considerations are :

1. Plutonium, a by product of nuclear power plant operation, can be used as nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors type breeder (breeder reactors)
2. The amount of waste generated at least (compact / concise) compared with other energy sources, so the location is used to manage waste is also not as wide as other fuels.
3. Have a broad scientific base cyclus. Nuclear Technology has been studied continuously, both in terms of its application and safety system.
4. Nuclear fuel for nuclear power plant is more easily transported because the volume is relatively small compared with coal for power plant fuel. As a result, the transportation cost is also cheaper.

Nuclear Energy

To get an idea of the amount of energy can be released by nuclear reactions, the following is an example of a simple calculation.

Take 1 g (0.001 kg) of nuclear fuel U-235. The number of atoms in the fuel are :

N = (1 / 235) x 6.02 x 10²³ = 25.6 x 10²⁰ atoms of U-235.

Since each fission process nuclear fuel U-235 accompanied by a release of 200 MeV energy, then 1 g U-235 fission reaction that perfectly conducting can release energy equivalent to :

E = 25.6 x 10²⁰ (atoms) x 200 (MeV / atom) = 51.2 x 10²² MeV

If the energy is expressed with units of Joules (J), where 1 MeV = 1.6 x 10^-13 J, the energy released becomes:

E = 51.2 x 10²² (MeV) x 1.6 x 10^-13 (J / MeV) = 81.92 x 10⁹ J

Assuming only 30% of that energy can be converted into electrical energy, then the electrical energy that can be obtained from 1 g of U-235 are :
Electricity = (30/100) x 81.92 x 10⁹ J = 24.58 x 10⁹ J

Because 1 J = 1 Was (E = Pt), the electronic equipment such as a TV with the power (P) 100 W , the power requirement can be met by 1 g U-235 is :
t = Electricity / P = 24.58 x 10⁹ (J) / 100 (W) = 24.58 x 10⁷ s

Figures 24.58 x 10⁷ seconds of equal length by 7.78 years continuously without shut down. If we assume the TV is only turned on for 12 hours / day, then the electric energy of 1 g of U-235 can be used to supply the electricity needs of the TV for more than 15 years.

Examples of the above calculation can give a fairly clear picture of the energy content stored in the nuclear fuel. Heat energy released from splitting one kg of nuclear fuel U-235 is equal to 17 billion kilo-calories, equivalent to energy produced from burning 2.4 million pounds (2,400 tons) of coal. Given the scale of energy content, hence the desire of human beings to utilize nuclear energy as a power plant in order to meet energy needs in daily life.

What are the implications for the selection of nuclear power plants?

Selection of nuclear power plants as power plants has implications, among others :

- Required greater initial capital than a conventional power plant. This capital is needed to establish safety and emergency systems, containment and storage of radioactive waste.
- Required agreement (resolution) regarding the storage of high level radioactive waste that has longevity. Potential for the issue of nuclear weapons.

Nuclear Radiation Leak Experience

The nuclear industry is the most lots devote energy industry and mind to the problem of security. From the experts, found one point in common that one of the culprits in almost all accidents are due to human factors. This significance because in theory it should not really crash. With good management and competent staff. This factor could be reduced to a minimum.

The occurrence of accidents has brought great influence mainly includes three categories : changes datam companies (institutions), tools (equipment), and working habits (operational). Included in this third category is the human factor, operator training, and preparedness in an emergency (emergency preparedness).

In addition to human factors, also found that there are deficiencies in design that in normal operation does not look real, but in a state of emergency led to a situation becomes difficult to overcome. After realizing this, the nuclear industry continue to improve the perfection of design. Also established a special agency in charge of controlling the reactor safety. Broadly this accident has changed the entire structure, management, and operation of the nuclear industry.

Community concerns on the nuclear power plant is not without reason, there have been several accidents in small and large scale. On March 28, 1979, there has been a relatively minor accident at TMI (Three Mile Island), U.S., operators do not realize that they have been doing the wrong procedure resulting in the reactor was too hot and eventually melt. Although in this accident there were no casualties, but has particular significance for the nuclear industry. Before the accident, nuclear experts strongly believe will correct the security of a nuclear reactor. The occurrence of this accident has opened the eyes of the public and the experts that the likelihood of accidents were higher than expected.

Latest and greatest accident occurred on April 25-26,1986 in Chernobil, former Soviet Union. These accidents have been directly involved 135 thousand people, 24,403 of them expressed a fairly heavy radiation exposure, and 29 people suffer fatal consequences. The accident began with a plan to conduct experiments to determine the ability of the reactor in an emergency. Lack of planning and have not received permission from the competent and responsible operator is not an expert in the nuclear field, the result was a reactor can not be controlled properly.

Commonwealth Edison Company - The third-largest power company in the United States - that 41% of its electricity production generated from nuclear reactors that have separated parts that are responsible for reactors from other companies. With this action is expected that companies can take decisions more quickly and effectively. In addition, the control room has been coupled with computer technology that comes with a more sophisticated controller screen. Thus any state that does not normally be known and analyzed quickly and carefully in order to take necessary action immediately.

The very important change is the training program. To be the operator of a nuclear reactor is now needed special education. In a program that takes 3-10 years, an intensively trained operators inside and outside the classroom. By improving the quality of training, an operator is expected to make wise decisions in all sorts of emergency situations.

Danger Level of nuclear radiation :

1. Level 1 (anomaly)
Exposure to radiation is above the threshold. There is a small problem with the component of security and minimal impact.

For instance occurs when there are violations in the operation of nuclear facilities.

2. Level 2 (incident)
Radiation exposure to the public up to 10 mSv. Radiation level in the operating area of more than 50 mSv. There is a significant failure of safety-related conditions but no consequences.

For example occurred at Atucha, Argentina, in 2005. At that time workers in the nuclear reactor exposed to radiation that exceeds the threshold. Also occur at Cadarache, France, in 1993, when the spread of radioactive contamination in the environment by accident.

Level 2 nuclear power plant accidents disasters also occurred at Forsmark, Sweden, in 2006 when the security function damaged, resulting in system failures at the nuclear power plant energy supplies.

3. Level 3 (serious incident)
Exposure to radiation ten times above the nuclear worker safe limit. Not lethal, but has the health impact.

For example occurred at Sellafield, England, in 2005. At that time there was a leak of radioactive material in large quantities in the installation. Occur also at Vandellos, Spain, in 1989. In that year there was an accident caused by fire resulting in loss of security systems at nuclear power stations.

4. Level 4 (accidents with local impact)
Radioactive leak in small quantities. At least one person was killed by radiation. Fuel melt or damage the fuel, resulting in leakage of more than 0.1 % core supply.

The accident occurred at Tokaimura, Japan, in 1999. When there were mistakes made by workers when mixing ingredients. As a result of an accident that two workers dead and several others were exposed to radiation.

In addition, there is also at Saint Laurent des Eaux, France, in 1980. At that time, the reactor fuel line melted. But there was no leakage outside.

5. Level 5 (accidents with more impact)
Radioactive leaks in limited numbers and thus require remedial action. Several people were killed by radiation. Some damage occurred in the reactor core. Leakage of large amounts of radiation in this installation, that's allows the public to be exposed. This could arise from catastrophic accidents or fires.

Accident occurred at Windscale Pile, England, in 1957. At that time the radioactive material leaked into the environment as a result of fire in the reactor core. Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, the United States, also experienced it in 1979, where some of the reactor core is damaged.

6. Level 6 (serious accidents)
Radioactive leak in a large enough number of which require follow-handling.

Occur at Kyshtym, Russia, in 1957. Leakage of radioactive material in a fairly large number occur in the environment around nuclear power plants. This is because the waste tank explosion. Thousands of people exposed to this radiation.

7. Level 7 (major accident)
With large amounts of radioactive leaks occurred so far-reaching impact on health and the environment. Because it takes the response and long-term action.

Experienced by the Chernobyl NPP, Ukraine, in 1986. At that time the number four reactor exploded. As a result there was a fire and radioactive leakage in large numbers. Environment and communities exposed to this radiation. Radioactive steam that contain iodine 131, cesium 137 and xenon that its volume 100 times higher than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Spread of radioactive steam into the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Northern Europe. Most of the people in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia were evacuated. At that time more than 336,000 people were displaced.

How to predict the explosion of nuclear reactor?

Time algorithm to predict melting reactor

Data spent fuel pool (assumptions: with standard BWR) :
in = 12m, length = 12 m, width = 7 m.
Assuming that the water level is 5 m above the top of the fuel.
Volume of water above the fuel = 5 x 12 x 7 = 420 m³

We will look how the energy needed to vaporize water that is above the fuel.
Initial water temperature = 40 º C
Final steam temperature = 100 º C (assumption: the pool is open at a pressure of 1 atm)
dT = temperature difference = 60 º C.

Data of termofisis water at 40 º C :
Cp (heat capacity) = 4.1794 kJ / kg K
rho (density) = 990.1 kg/m³

Data of termofisis water at 100 º C :
Cp = 4.2157 kJ / kg K
rho = 961.5 kg/m³
Hl (latent heat of vaporization) = 2256 kJ / kg

The average score :
Cp_avg = (4.1794 + 4.2157) / 2 = 4.1975 kJ / kg K
rho_avg = (990.1 + 961.5) / 2 = 975.8 kg/m³

m (mass of water) = rho_avg x volume = 975.8 x 420 = 5,07416.10⁵ kg

The energy needed to vaporize water = energy to heat water from 40 º C to 100 º C plus the energy to convert water from liquid to vapor

Q = mx (Cp_avg x dT + Hl) = 5,07416.10⁵ kg x (4.1975 x 60 + 2256) = 1,2725.10⁹ X 6 kJ = 1,2725.10 MJ

So we need 1275 GJ of energy to evaporate water on the fuel.

Now we compute the decay heat. For a conservative calculation, assuming 40 years of reactor operation.

taus (operating time) = 40 x 365 x 24 x 3600 = 9 s ^1,26144.10

Incoming fuel pool since 30 November 2010. Assume that 100 days before the fires event.

ts = 100 x 24 x 365 = 8,64.10⁶ s

Fraction of decay heat :
P / Po = 0.066 x (ts^-0.2 - (taus + ts)^-0.2) = 1,708.10^-3

That is, the energy of decay is now 0.17 % of its original power.

Power Unit 4 Fukushima Daiichi is at 2381 MW.

Therefore the power of decay (Pd) amounted to 1,708.10^-3 = 4 x 2381 MW = 4 MJ / s.

The time required to evaporate water,
t = Q / Pd = 1,2725.10⁶ / 4 = 3,18125.10⁵ s = 88.39 hours = 3.68 days.

The earthquake occurred in Japan on March 11, 14:46 JST. If we add the 88 hours, we'll get March 15, 6:46. At that time, the water level has reached the upper end of the fuel rods. Unit 4 burned at 9:40 o'clock. Proven accurate in predicting the next boom, right?

Radiation exposure from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor

The cause of a nuclear reactor explosion in Fukushima is cooling condenser damage caused by earthquake and tsunami.

Because Neutron is already fired, it will continue to collide with one another so as to produce a highly heat energy and then destroy the protective walls of the reactor core.

But less calculations in reactor cooling will increase the concentration on the core material. This evident when Japan experienced chaotic situation in the earthquake and the dark, forcing officials to improvise in the cooling reactor.

As a result, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), more than 170,000 people within a radius of 10-20 km from the installation plant in Fukushima was evacuated in connection with the explosion that occurred in these plants.

Along with the news release of radioactivity into the environment around nuclear power plants Fukushima number 1 reactor, of course, we wondered how big or how small the actual dose is released.

Radiation is energy emitted, and thus a measure to declare how much radiation is received by someone is also stated with the amount of radiation. Measuring the amount of energy deposited in a medium by ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, X-ray) is called the Absorbed Dose (or total ionizing dose). Its units are gray or Gy. 1 gray is equivalent to the energy deposit of 1 joule per kilogram mass medium. Absorbed dose express aspects of physics. However, the biological effects of radiation were not the same, depending on the type of radiation and the organs affected by radiation. For example, the effect of 1 Gy of alpha radiation would produce a greater biological effect than the effect of 1 Gy X-rays to state the biological aspects of radiation exposure used another measure that is Equivalent Dose. The unit of equivalent dose is the Sievert (Sv). To link between Absorbed Dose Equivalent Dose used with a large weighting factor depending on the type of radiation and the organ affected. The use of Gy or Sv depending on the aspect of what you want to emphasize. For example, doctors who wanted to do radiotherapy, he will use Gy. But when we discuss the biological effects of radiation, we use the Sv.

In addition there is another Sv brake unit that is long (x-ray equivalent man).
The conversion is :
1 Sv = 100 rem
1 micro Sv = 1 / 1000 milli Sv = millionth Sv = 1 / 10 millimeter brake

From the info that I get, the radiation dose at the outer limits of nuclear power plants (not the evacuation zone) when the explosion Unit 3 is about 700 micro Sv per hour. That is, if someone was in that location for one hour continuously, without moving, he will receive a dose of 700 micro Sv. Is it big or small?

In comparison, for people who work at nuclear installations, the annual radiation exposure limit is 50 000 micro Sv. In America, the average plant workers received radiation doses of 1200 micro Sv per year. That is nuclear-related activities only, not including medical activity. To the layman, has an annual limit of 1000 micro Sv. Back in the U.S. sample, the average layperson to get a dose of less than 10 micro Sv from nuclear activity. However, the total annual radiation received is approximately 6000 micro Sv, which is about 3000 micro Sv derived from natural radiation (cosmic radiation from outer space, radiation from the ground such as radon, from fruits and plants such as eating a banana, and etc.) and the rest of the medical activities (like X-rays, CT scans). If we ever do x-ray images in the chest, then we received 100 micro Sv. X-rays in the stomach accounted for 600 micro Sv and the hips of 700 micro Sv. Even if we had a CT scan, we receive a dose of 10 000 micro Sv. It will related to health as does not exist or are too small to be observed for doses below 50 000 to 100 000 micro Sv.

Fukushima radiation are :
radiation = 700 micro sv / hour
hours in a year = 8760 hours / year
total accumulated radiation Fukushima = 8760 x 700 = 6,132,000 micro sv / year
6 million micro sv, where 1 sv = 100 rem
6 million micro sv = 6
6 sv = 600 rem

This exceeds the safe dose of radiation = 25 rem until the age of 80 years.

Note :
Remember about decay. The amount of radiation energy also depends on the amount or volume of radioactive. in addition to decay, the amount of radiation also depend on air flow, and is a function of position. So, the bigger the wind move, emission will be reduced / spreads with a lower intensity. If further away from the radioactive source, the radiation level was also lower.

Momentary or short-term impact due to high radiation in the vicinity of nuclear reactors, among others, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and fever.

Meanwhile, the emerging impact of exposure to nuclear radiation during several days are as follows : dizziness, eye dizzy, disoriented or confused determine the direction, weak, tired, and looked lethargic, hair loss and baldness, vomiting blood or blood faeces, low blood pressure, and difficult to heal wounds.

Long-term effects of nuclear radiation is generally in fact triggered by low levels of radiation that is not realized and are not anticipated until the years. Some of the lethal effects due to long-term exposure to nuclear radiation include cancer, premature aging, nervous system and reproductive disorders, and genetic mutations.

How to cope with nuclear radiation :

1. Natural

Benefits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) not only found in its seeds that can be made become foods in China called "kwaci". All parts of the ornamental plant with bright yellow could be a drug ingredient, can neutralize the effects of radiation from nuclear waste.

The benefit is evidenced in the tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor leak in 1986. When most of the water in the region poluted with radioactive contamination, planting sunflowers on a floating raft capable reducing the impact of radiation in waters up to 95 percent.

The secret is the root structure is so dense and strong, so able to extract heavy metals such as arsenic and lead. Even the radioactive element can also be absorbed, including uranium and stronium-90 that can cause genetic mutations in humans.

Another part of the sunflower plant is its leaves which are also useful. This section is able to relieve asthma and whooping cough due to bronchitis, and even can heal wounds and infections.

To relieve cough and asthma, the leaves together with strands of dried sunflowers. Leaves and flowers are dry brewed with hot water, then drink warm like drinking every day tea until the symptoms subside.

As for treating wounds and infections, which fresh leaves are crushed together to form a sunflower seed pasta or tapel. Tapel was then used to compress the ulcer wound , the wound and pasta are both dry.

The most widely used is sunflower oil, which is believed to overcome many chronic diseases including heart disease and neurological disorders. Once popular, this oil is sold in supplement form as ready to drink.

Besides containing a single chain unsaturated oils which are good for the heart, this oil also contains vitamin E, which serves as an antidote to free radicals. The content is useful for skin care because it can resist the effects of aging such as wrinkles and dull skin.

2. Artificial

To counteract the radioactive poison, active iodine is powerful enough to cure. Iodine is used as an antidote for the body system, which is not broken, so that the thyroid is not affected.

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor made of Uranium 232 in the main process and split into several substances. Among them are pretty much iodine. In power systems, that material was nuclear waste.

Nuclear fission produces over 1,000 types of materials. Besides radioactive iodine, nuclear waste also produce cesium. All radioactive substances are not visible because it is in the form of dust.

Radioactive iodine, not directly kill people. But the active iodine must be consumed or taken for radioactive iodine is not absorbed by the body. Iodine is found in table salt.

The radiation safety level (mSv)

Tsunami wave, algorithm, signs, speed, early detection system, information receiver

2011-03-12T07:12:00.000-08:00

The term "tsunami" was adopted from the Japanese, the word tsunami, tsu (津) which means harbor and nami (波), which means waves. In ancient times, after the tsunami hit, the Japanese people will soon going to the port to witness the damage caused by the tsunami, since it, they used the term of tsunami means "harbor wave." So far, the tsunami is still considered a natural disaster that does not endanger (underrated hazard), since its arrival is quite rare. Many of the causes of tsunamis, such as an earthquake under the sea (ocean-bottom earthquake), landslides under sea (submarine landslide), volcanoes, and other causes. Among the causes, an earthquake under the sea is the most frequent and most dangerous. Underwater landslides with landslide size of the continent is also dangerous, but the effectiveness of the tsunami due to undersea mudslides is still far below the effectiveness of the tsunami by the earthquake.Not all earthquakes generate tsunamis, this depends on several key factors such as fault type, slope angle between the plate (dip angle), and the depth of the earthquake center (hypocenter). An earthquake with certain characteristics will generate a tsunami that is very dangerous and deadly, namely :

1) Fault type ride (thrust / reverse fault).
This type is very effective moving the volume of water above the plates to move as the beginning of the tsunami.

2) The slope angles between the plates.
The higher the angle (approaching 90 °), the more effective tsunami is formed.

3) The depth of the epicenter of shallow (<70> 7.0 R) and shallow, but if its fault was not increased, but the normal fault or parallel (strike slip fault), we can be sure the tsunami would be difficult to form. An earthquake with the strength 7.0 R, with fault type rise and shallow, could form a tsunami with a height reaching 3-5 meters.Tsunamis can travel in any direction from the original source and can hit a wide area, even the bend area, protected or areas far enough from the original source of the tsunami. It's called local tsunami, the tsunami that just happened and hit the sector in a limited area. This happens because the initial location of the tsunami is a region that narrow or closed, such as straits or lake.There is also the so-called tsunami remote (distant tsunami), this is because a tsunami could hit a very broad and far region from the original source.

As happened in Chile on May 22, 1960 triggered by the quake with more strength than 8.0 R. Tsunami with more than 10 meters of the level has caused severe casualties and damage in Chile, Japan, Hawaii and the Philippines. The tsunami waves killed 1,000 people in Chile and 61 people in Hawaai. The tsunami waves reached the eastern coast of Okinawa, Japan after traveling for 22 hours and killed 150 people in Japan.Tsunami velocity depends on the depth of water. In deep-sea and open, the velocity reaches 800-1000 km / hour. The height of the tsunami in the ocean in only reached 30-60 cm, with wavelengths in the hundreds of kilometers, so that their presence at sea difficult to distinguish from ordinary wave, not even felt by the ships which were anchored in the middle of the ocean. Unlike the wind waves, where only moving the upper surface; tsunami waves experienced in all parts of the movement of water particles, ranging from the surface to the inside of the ocean. When the tsunami enters the shallower waters, wave height increases and its speed dropped dramatically, though energy is still very strong to bear all the objects in its path. Flow tsunami with a height of 70 cm was still strong enough to haul and wash away people.

Various types of tsunami wave

As a result of the collision that occurred on these plates will display three types of wave Primary wave (P-wave), Secondary waves (S-Wave), and the third is called Surface waves (surface waves).Primary wave (P wave) is spread as a result of pressure and stretching. Primary wave has a velocity of about 8 km / sec. This wave will be felt first with an earthquake, because it will come earlier than the other wave propagation, this is due to wave with high frequency. Primary wave amplitude is relatively low so that the wobble caused no damage.

Secondary waves (S Wave) is spreading like a wave of water which floated the square. Spread up and down, the wave have the speed of propagation was about 4 km / sec, will certainly be felt more slowly than Primary Wave. However, this secondary wave has a width of oscillation (amplitude) that large, so this wave will have a very large force in the shed building, also caused landslides, steep cliffs.

The third wave will sweep the surface section. These waves are called surface waves. The third wave will certainly be felt within the earthquake. But because the speed is different, these waves are not coming together. Primary Wave will come first, followed by secondary waves. But if the distance epicenter near the second course, this wave will be felt almost simultaneously. if the distance is only 4 km from the epicenter, of course the difference is only a second.
Tsunami Algorithm

In order for a tsunami could occur, the magnitude quake must exceed the minimum limit set with Iida equation :

M = 6.42 + 0.01 H

With a depth of 33 km hiposentrum (USGS version 48 km) minimum magnitude can triggers tsunami damage from 6.7 to 6.9. In addition, the earthquake also must produce a large vertical deformation on the sea floor, so the earthquake source fault must be broken up (thrust) or fracture down (normal).
Calculating the speed of the tsunami that coming ashore

The tsunami arrival algotithm

T = R: v

Explanation :
T = Time (second)
R = Range from the fault (km)
v = wave velocity (km/sec)

v = 2ⁿ

Explanation :
v = wave velocity (km/sec)
n = Tsunami wave danger value (3 for primary wave, 2 for secondary wave, 1 for surface wave)

Note :
n is not tsunami wave risk value, because if you count as risk value the primary wave will count as 1, secondary wave will count as 2, and surface wave will count as 3.

Tracing the earthquake prone areas on the beach with the assumption at the second meeting of tectonic plates (fault) which is about 200 km, it means primary wave will reach the coast within 200 / 8 = 25 seconds after a subduction earthquake and it was not felt by humans, or with another sentence in 25 seconds after a subduction, the primary wave will reach the mainland (the beach).

Secondary wave will arrive to the coast after 200 / 4 = 50 seconds after the occurrence of subduction, it means that the secondary waves up to 25 seconds going to the mainland after the primary wave reach the mainland.
Tsunami signs by natural phenomena

Following simple analysis is not absolute, but enough to be an early warning for individuals to be alert earlier. However any signs that might be seen, please be addressed in a calm and coordinated with local disaster management agencies, so that the impact of unnecessary panic can be pressed as well as possible.

1. From now on always notice the clouds in the sky
If there are clouds in the sky with plasticity that looks like a tornado or like a tree trunk, just shape up, you could say it was an earthquake cloud that usually appears before the earthquake struck. Oddly shaped cloud that happens because of great-power electromagnetic waves from the bottom of the earth, it would 'suck' power in the clouds, hence the form of cloud is like sucked down. Powerful electromagnetic waves itselves are the result of a fault or a shift in the Earth's plates.

Although it is not necessarily, such clouds also indicates there is an earthquake.

2. Try elektromagnetic field tested in house
- Check for interference on TV broadcast.
- If there is a fax machine, check whether the light is blinking even though it is not transmit data.
- Try to tell someone else to send fax to us, check whether the text is perfectly acceptable or not.
- Try turning off the electricity.- Check whether the fluorescent light stays on / dim even though there is no electrical current.

If all of a sudden the TV is broken, blinking lights when not transmitting fax, text we receive remain messy and neon glow even though there is no electrical, that means it is extraordinary electromagnetic wave that is going on but invisible to the eye and can not be considered by human.

3. Look at the behavior of animals
Check whether the animals as "disappeared", run, or act strangely / restless. Animal instincts are usually sharp and animals can feel the electromagnetic wave. If all three signs were there or seen in the same time, immediately getting ready for evacuation.

Three of these markers are likely to show if there is a large magnitude earthquake occur. Nevertheless, when oddly shaped cloud occur, we still can not decide when the earthquake struck.Sometimes the clouds like that plasticity in the days before the earthquake. But in Niigata, a cloud like that plasticity only 4 hours before the Niigata earthquake in October 2004. Therefore do not be waiting anymore ... you should take as much as possible direct self-preservation to avoid the worst.

Example: the sound of "singing" bilou (Hylobates klossii), a type of monkey endemic in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, believed to be hereditary local residents as a sign of impending disaster. This phenomenon could be such an early warning sign of impending tsunami. The public trust if the animal heard the strains of a particular sound, it will then be considered as a sign of danger. Bilou is a gibbon ape species endemic only found in the Mentawai Islands. Its whole body filled with black hair and white fur on the eyes. As primates endemic, bilou then designated as protected animals.

4. Actually, there are always signs of nature that can be read as an indication of the occurrence of a disaster, local people often hear voices similar objects have fallen into the cave before the arrival of aftershocks which proved to be a natural cues given before aftershocks felt. Later geologists claim that the sound came from the primary wave that urgency surrounding air.
Tsunami hazard early detection system

1. Buoy Tsunami Early Warning System consists of two main components of the Ocean Bottom Unit (OBU) and a buoy. OBU located two kilometers on the seabed. Its function is to detect potential anomalies of sea waves into tsunamis. The way it works, if there are signs of impending earthquake as sea levels rise, mounted Buoy floats on the sea surface will receive data or signals from the OBU which is installed at a depth of 2,000 meters on the seabed. Detection was then forwarded to the buoy on the surface of the sea which then forward it to the Immarsat satellite. Then, the satellite will inform the station owned by the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMG). By phone, BMG will spread the news about the possibility of tsunamis to the public through local authorities, local government and police offices.

2. Assessment and reporting system in the deep ocean tsunami (DART) is part of the Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program by United States. The goal is to reduce casualties and property in coastal communities, and eliminate errors alarm and high economic losses due to unnecessary evacuations.

DART system consists of the recording system pressure below the sea surface that can detect tsunamis of less than 1 cm and a moored surface buoys as real-time communication system. Acoustic telemetry is used to transmit data from the BPR on the seabed to the buoy on the surface. The data is then relayed through GOES satellites which are connected with observation stations which modulates the signals for immediate dissemination to NOAA's Tsunami Warning Center, and PMEL. DART stations located in areas with a history of where the tsunami caused damage to ensure early detection and for data acquisition at a critical time in order to estimate in real time.

DART System Reviews

Tsunami buoy system that works in realtime consists of two parts, the bottom pressure recorders (BPR) and the surface buoy. Among them are connected electronically. RB monitor water pressure with accuracy close to 1 mm with an average of recording every 15 seconds. Data sent to the surface buoy via an acoustic modem. Then transmitted to a GOES satellite as a data collecting system. In normal conditions (no tsunami), BPR sends data once an hour which consists of four values measured within 15 minutes interval. The data are sent one by one for 15 seconds. RB can make three times trial to obtain assurance that the data has been received by the surface buoy. Then the data is formatted and sent back via the GOES satellite channels and displayed on WAVEWATCHER to see a tidal wave on the high seas. These data provide clues ,every hour it will be circumstances and report conditions surrounding the DART system. If data can not be captured from the base, the surface buoy using GPS to obtain information on buoy position as an automated message.

An algorithm that applies in the BPR produce water height values and then compares all new samples with the predicted value. A complete description of this algorithm can be found at PMEL-NOAA. If the two values with 15 seconds interval water level exceeds the predicted value, then the system will lead to the Tsunami Response Mode. Data will be transmitted through random channels (132) for a minimum of 3 hours, expressed in high frequency with short intervals of 100% repetition redundancy data for the first hour.

Each tsunami message mode response has included the identity (ID) which indicates the type of data and time recording after T = 0. When the automatic transmission time per hour is reached during the tsunami response mode, BPR will send data one minute, which consists of the mean of the four tick score 15 for two hours (includes 120 of the recording). If the sea is still in turmoil after 3 hours of the tsunami response mode, automatic transmission will continue. The system will return to normal mode after 3 hours of the conditions in which the undisturbed water level occurs.

How to cope with tsunami?

If large-scale earthquake and the epicenter is located at sea, we must always be aware of the coming tsunami. The high waves could be tens of meters, can also only two meters. But even if only 2 feet, tremendous strength and the pressure can reach 190 kilograms.

Some signs of a tsunami will occur if the sea suddenly receded and sea birds flying at high speed toward the mainland.

If the two marks appear, save yourself directly to higher ground. But when the time is already running low while the tsunami in front of the eyes, do not hide behind the buildings made by the wall / concrete, because it can be destroyed and even endanger sheltering people.

As can as possible hide behind the hedge (trees, plants, bushes, swamps). Because the strength of the waves have become fragmented and not focused bumping into undergrowth.

Tsunami information receiver

Natural phenomena of the earthquake was not to be avoided because it is as strong as any human effort with all the technology, it is impossible to prevent the quake, which must be considered is to minimize the number of victims. Simple mathematical calculations indicate that a very narrow time available for evacuation of people, not to 15 minutes.

A very narrow time is the problem in the dissemination of information to the public about the dangers of the coming tsunami, due to the limited technology available at this time coupled with government bureaucratic procedures will not be long enough to be met in short time.

Cooperation with mobile phone providers should be held to remember :

1. It has been a tower infrastructure establishment base transmission stations (BTS), especially in tourist areas and densely populated coastal areas that can utilized as a wave monitoring points.

2. Extensive communications network for both users and even among same operator.

3. The cost of information delivery is relatively cheap and within a short time.

4. The cell phone has a very broad segment of users because it is a necessity.

5. Mobile phones have the ability to 'call' the owner if there are any incoming informations.

6. Equipment maintenance costs can be saved by the government due to be shared with mobile operators.

Mechanism of the use of short messaging services (SMS or Text) as early detection of tsunamis :

1. Installed wave detection sensor that can read the arrival of waves with specific characteristics of the primary wave in mobile operator's base stations located on the waterfront. When the primary wave come which is the signal of coming quake, it will be captured by the sensor.

2. Once captured by the sensor, the wave is converted into information and transmitted to a computer server belonging to cellular operators.

3. Computers then convert that information into short messages suitable for delivery to cell phone users who are designated as public figures in tsunami-prone areas, local police, hospital, soldiers and others.

Constraints on the use of the Tsunami Warning Text :

1. Primary wave generated by plate collision does not always have the specification of fixed amplitude and frequency but one incident with another incident of primary wave propagates with a different frequency so that the sensor should read the wave, it is not only based on the frequency and amplitude.

2. It is possible there are waves generated not by plate collision that produced the fault and earthquake but with similar characteristics so that the public think it as a primary wave, if this happened then the information obtained by false and if false information often sent, there would be no meaning anymore if correct information come.

3. Signal received by the sensor is the primary wave that claimed to have occurred crust subduction but not necessarily the fault has the potential to cause a tsunami so that information remains will be sent to the community even though the tsunami is not necessarily going to happen.

4. The limited capacity of the BTS greatly affect the acceptance and delivery of information due to data queue, if the queue is long enough, data and information are ranked behind the queue to be sent then the risk of delays in the receipt of information is high and information is not valuable anymore.

5. Because of the limited time available when the rescue effort is needed accurate time, begin the primary wave receiving process by the sensor until the message is received by the competent parties.

6. To run this system requires a supply of electrical energy that must be maintained, but not impossible when disaster information has not reached the public, electricity network has been lost because at that moment the earthquake has occurred and damage the electricity network of text service center, or for security reasons then the central power electricity cut off the electricity. If so then information can not be accepted by society.

In order to be successful with methods of tsunamis early detection, we need environment that supports and can not stand alone.

Other elements that should support it :

1. Readiness of mobile operators in implementing the 'duty' extra.

2. Spatial plans, it should be in disaster prone areas, need the support of spatial planning, the rescue include evacuation routes are clear, maintained refugees, and refugee camps that meet requirements, safety and health.

3. Ongoing system maintenance and this ensures the system works as expected.

4. Community preparedness in the face of disaster needs to be prepared with or simulation exercises for disasters, so that people can act quickly and correctly in the event of disaster.

5. Government officials responsible for emergency response in any field must be prepared and trained continuously in order to carry out appropriate action quickly and accurately.

Although still very simple, this idea is interesting for further study because it cuts the bureaucracy for the dissemination of information that it feels quite complicated because it is done by humans, whereas with a system that has been described previously, there is no human intervention at all, from reception of the natural cues to information accepted by the community.

Tsunami Hazard Relieve

Number of fatalities from the tsunami caused by many factors such as lack of public knowledge about the earthquake and tsunami, the limited equipment, forecasting, warning and much more. To reduce the danger of the tsunami disaster required particular attention to three things :

1. Coastal Structures

Coastal areas where earthquakes are common, building structures should be built retaining wall waves of the beach (sea wall or coastal Dike) which is the building of defense (defensive structure) to the tsunami. This structure will be effective, if the height of the tsunami was relatively not too high. If the tsunami heights exceeding 5 meters, this infrastructure is less functional. Tree-lined beaches such as mangrove plants are also quite effective to reduce tsunami energy, particularly for tsunami with a height less than 3 meters.

2. City Planning

Most victims of the tsunami disaster is a dense slum area beside the beach resort. The most effective way to reduce the victims of the tsunami is to move the residential area of the coast to tsunami-free areas. According to records, a lot of tsunami that wiped out the settlements of fishermen around the coast, they are trapped and do not have time to escape when the tsunami came. The arrival of the tsunami so quickly, so it did not allow the population of coastal areas to escape. Estimates of local tsunami inundation area is required to design a residential area that is safe for residents.

3. Tsunami Prevention System

Tsunami prevention system will include : forecasting, warning, evacuation, public education, training, habit to always be aware of the disaster, and the alertness of post-disaster.

Installation seismograp underwater (ocean-bottom seismograph) will provide sufficient detail data about the seismic data that will be useful for predicting whether a tsunami will be formed or not.

Early warning of impending tsunamis will provide opportunities to communities in the area prone to self-rescue preparations. It's not every earthquake will bring tsunami, but the attitude or habit to always be aware of the tsunami disaster should always be inherent in every society. When you are at the beach and feel the vibration of an earthquake, immediately ran towards the high ground (at least 20 meters)! Do not wait for the tsunami came. When you see a tsunami coming at close range in front of the eyes, you have little chance to survive. Sea water receded abruptly or sometimes before the tsunami came, the voice cried like a bomb blast that came from the sea, is also a sign that you should immediately leave the beach without having to wait. The arrival of the tsunami which can be several times with an interval of arrival can be reached a few hours, very dangerous to people who flocked to the beach after the arrival of the first tsunami wave. This must be avoided.

Installation of sirens or loudspeakers on beaches are often packed, it will be very effective to provide early warning to visitors about the dangers of tsunami as the earthquake vibrations felt. Installation of billboard "the tsunami areas" or "watch out for tsunami!" on beaches, in areas prone to tsunamis will remind the community in the area. Construction of a memorial that the tsunami had occurred in the area will remind people that they were in the area of tsunami hazard and should always be vigilant.

Education to the public about the dangers of earthquakes and tsunamis are very important. Not every people has experience with tsunamis throughout their life. If someone had modest knowledge about the arrival of the tsunami, when the earthquake came, soon he must save himself towards the highlands. This knowledge should be transferred to the surrounding community and also the next generation. With such activities are expected public awareness of the dangers of tsunamis, which is always increasing.

How to create your own search engine in Mozilla Firefox Internet browser?

2011-03-06T04:52:00.001-08:00

Inspired by a programmer which makes Search engine in Mozilla Firefox for one website that I follow, finally I know how to create My own search engine on Mozilla Firefox Internet browser, it was difficult to do because not many programmers have this skill, so I learn it as autodidact. I also intend to try to make it work special with existing search engines. At the time I was finally installed in Mozilla Firefox and I had made it done. then I will tell about how to create your own search engine in Mozilla Firefox, so just immediately read this article about create your own search engine in Mozilla Firefox Internet browser.

Search engine in Mozilla Firefox, I mean the search box in the upper right of Mozilla Firefox Internet browser window, the search can be done easily with that search choise, if you click its icon image, it will display a search engine that is already installed, such as Google, yahoo, amazon, ebay, and etc. But it is still less or even not use at all because everyone's needs different search engine while surfing the Internet. If you want to create your own search engine, what you need is do this steps :
- In this article I will show about add Dago search engine(but not in full description, so you still need to improved it, just in case to improve your coding skill :) ). I get a result like this in the address bar of Mozilla Firefox :

http://www.mylovemyworld.co.cc/search?q=dago+search+engine+

the point is that we enter the word as seen in the URL address bar.

Note : not all web shows the inputs Search, only website with search engine show this result.

- You also need a program Notepad ++ or ConText (you can download it in Computer Redesign >> Computer Software), the program is needed in addition to be use at the time of writing XML scripts, it also be used to encode the image that I will explain later.

- To create the images icon, you required IcoFX.

How to create search engine in Mozilla Firefox Internet browser?

Direct way to created the search enginein Mozilla Firefox Internet browser are :
1. Open your Notepad ++ or ConText and choose XML format for writing it like this :

<SearchPlugin xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/2006/browser/search/">
<ShortName>{Fill with search engine name}</ShortName>
<Description>{Fill with the search engine description}</Description>
<InputEncoding>UTF-8</InputEncoding>
<Image width="16" height="16">
data:image/x-icon;base64,{Fill with the encoded image}</Image>
<Url type="text/html" method="GET" template="{Fill with search link from website that you want}">
{search parameter}
</Url>
<Url type="application/x-suggestions+json" method="GET"
template="{Fill with search link for website that you want}?output=json&client=firefox&s={searchTerms}"/>
<SearchForm>{Web name Field}</SearchForm>
</SearchPlugin>

2. In this Article, we want to make emulated search for dago search, so the xml results are :

<SearchPlugin xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/2006/browser/search/">
<ShortName>Dago Search Engine</ShortName>
<Description>Article Directory Search Engine</Description>
<InputEncoding>UTF-8</InputEncoding>
<Image width="16" height="16">
data:image/x-icon;base64,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</Image>
<Url type="text/html" method="GET" template="http://serp.mylovemyworld.co.cc/search.php">
<Param name="keyword" value="{searchTerms}"/>
</Url>
<Url type="application/x-suggestions+json" method="GET"
template="http://serp.mylovemyworld.co.cc/search.php?output=json&client=firefox&s={searchTerms}"/>
<SearchForm>www.mylovemyworld.co.cc</SearchForm>
</SearchPlugin>

Get confused with all that syntaxs?

Please read the explanation bellow :
- In a format that is written with curly braces, I means you can fill with your own website that you want to add.
- How the image is in the encode?
Because the image format is generally not acceptable to the XML or the website syntaxs like HTML, PHP, Js, CSS. The figure format should be encode first. For example : encode the image first, open your IcoFX program, select New, to enable the true color just select color, size selected for the 16 × 16 size, and then click 'OK'. Paste the icon image of your web, if you do not have the amber icon, make any icon as you like, then save with the extension *. ico, go back to notepad ++ or ConText, click 'Open' and select the file icon that you created earlier and press 'ctrl + A' to block , then select the Plugins menu and select Tools and select MIME Base64 Encode and then encode the results of your earlier copy and delete "{The contents of the image which has been encoded}" and paste it right there.

Note: Without any images, you still can do a search. It just an icon.
For parameter, you can search through the URL while looking through a manual search.

Another example, if you take youtube search engine from youtube URL :
with Keyword: games, the youtube URL will shown like this :

http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=game&search_type=&aq=f

so the parameters are :

<Param name="search_query" value="{searchTerms}"/>
<Param name="search_type" value=""/>
<Param name="aq" value="f"/>

When you finish, save with the name of the web at C: \ Program Files \ Mozilla Firefox \ searchplugins with XML extensions, then restart your firefox.

Happy creating ! You will be proud if you search on Internet use your own search engine in Mozilla Firefox Internet browser.

How to make a simple rocket from PVC tube?

2011-02-25T06:27:00.000-08:00

How scared the world to China's military strength. And how they surprised with Chang Zheng, rockets made by China to be able to deliver satellite; Shen Zhou, Chinese made tube rocket to land on the moon. The chinese rocket is made in small industry, using only a few people. Compare this with countries that import some weapons, including rocket from major countries like Germany and the United States.

The German and United States rockets are generally made in large factories with machines that have a range of thousands kilometers and if used as a weapon have a tremendous explosive power. But China is not daunted by the United States. China could launch their weapons at any time like rockets, missiles and bombs, and make their enemies constantly on the alert.
History of rockets

The first rocket was made in China in the 13^th century. Since the beginning in China, the rocket is used as a firecracker / fireworks shot into the air that is able to form a giant fireworks in the sky. Later it developed into rockets and used for carrying cargo for the purpose of war and peace.

In times of war, fireworks changed for launching a flaming fire. These weapons used by China troops to repel the Mongolia attack which led by Kai Feng Fu in 1232.

Through trade routes, knowledge about the making of firecrackers had come to India and even in western nations. In the hands of western nations, firecracker developed into a rocket through a series of studies over the past five centuries since the 13^th century until the 18^th century. Rocket name comes from the Italian word of "Rocchetta" (it means little fuse), the name of a small firecracker that was created by the Italian artificer Muratori in 1379.

The names of scientists who have sufficient real role in the development of rockets such as Robert Anderson. British scientists in 1696 to make prints of rockets and rocket fuel mixture called propellant. Entering 1806, the rocket has been used by the Napoleonic in wars but the results are not accurate for shooting targets. At the beginning of the 20^th century appeared two people who dream of using a rocket to go to space, namely the Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Robert Goddard of the United States.

Modern Rocket er Robert Goddard began when he put the mouthpiece of the de Laval on rocket engine combustion room, doubling the thrust and improve the efficiency of the rocket. Then in 1926, Robert Goddard successfully launched its first rocket in Auburn, Massachusetts. The rocket is using oil and oxygen and can glide up to a height of 12 meters. Goddard design next larger and faster rocket, until it could fly to a height of 2 km.

In the hands of the Germans, led by Hermann Oberth and Wernher von Braun, the rocket becomes a powerful weapon as a missile called the V-2 (Vergelstungswaffe Zwei) rocket, used in World War II. They also pioneered the development of the rocket as a vehicle cargo carrier that later became the forerunner in the advancement of modern rocket.

After World War II ended with the defeat of Germany and its allies, the rocketry technology is brought to the Soviet Union and the United States. In these two countries rockets developed very rapidly.

United States and the Soviet Union develop a rocket for the missile in 1950. In the hands of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the Soviet Union then successfully launched the Sputnik satellite carrier rocket into orbit in space on October 4, 1957. The successful launch of the satellite for the first time that followed the launch of Sputnik II rocket carrying a manned spacecraft. And in 1961, using A-1 rocket, first Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to travel into space. While the United States in 1969, using Saturn V rocket carrying the manned Apollo flight by Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin made history by becoming the first man to set foot on the moon.

How to make a simple rocket?

Usually to create a simple rocket weapons such as RPG, usually they just use PVC as the rocket skin compound. PVC is used because it is cheap and also heat resistant. Tools and materials that required in rocket development :

Tools :
1. Drill bit of 10 mm and 15 mm.
2. Hammer.
3. Glass and plaster mixing spoon.
4. Scissors.
5. Iron cylinder, 20 cm long or more, with 1.8 cm a s diameter.

Materials :
1. Gypsum.
2. PVC with diameter of 2 cm or 3 / 4 inches, length 11 cm.
3. Propellant (KNO3 + sugar).
4. Stiff cardboard.
5. Super sticky glue / superglue.
6. Duct tape.

Method to create rocket :
1. Plug one end of the PVC with a plaster cast, about as high as 2 cm. Try to mix plaster with water only, after thick, input into the PVC, wait until dry and harden.
2. Enter propellant little by little, each 1 cm tall mashed with iron cylinder in order to become solid.
3. After you create compacted propellant, ferrules PVC with the cast. Wait until dry and hard.
4. Drill holes in the tube with 10 mm drill diameter.

5. Enlarge the hole of PVC tip 1 cm long with 15 mm drill diameter to enlarge the bursts of fire.
6. Next, use scissors, glue, and cardboard stiff to complete the PVC tube such as fin tube, conical tube, and etc.

If you want to launch, must be burned at the top of it, not below it. So you should made the igniter.

Description of the contents of the rocket :

Explanation point 2 and 3 above: The rockets fuel booster or propellant, consists of 2 main components, namely the reactants and catalyst. Reactants consisting of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and brimstone (sulfur). While the catalyst may be use active carbon, bituminous coal, sugar, and honey. All the ingredients except the honey, must be milled / crushed one by one until become a fine powder. Remember ..! One by one ..! If you grind the potassium nitrate with sulfur, it could become a bomb with a big explosion (high explosion). Mix all these ingredients into powder, mix together and stir gently until blended (homogeneous). After that, add honey to create coagulated powder mixture with perfect composition. Then enter the propellant into the mold or sleeve with rocket and compact it with enough pressure.

If you insert water as the rocket content, it is really simple to create. Its main ingredient are only water and compressed air. Rocket body consists of a tube of air (usually from certain plastic materials which light but strong) with a nozzle at the bottom. How to make it? Simply enter the water as much as 1/5 to a quarter of the tube, then insert the 5-10 atm air pressure with a compressor. To launch the rocket, simply open the nozzle at the bottom of the tube, so that water and pressurized air will be sprayed from the nozzle with speed and with a big push style, so the rocket will blast into the sky.

Warning :

Do not launched at random, try to look for a quiet place. If you use 20 cm height and 3 / 4 inches diameter of PVC tube, the distance of the rocket can be as far as a football field! In addition, the use of fins as above is less stable, sliding direction can not be guessed.

Good luck in your rocket experiment !

Hacking add-ons for Google Chrome

2011-02-17T06:13:00.000-08:00

Are you already know Google Chrome earlier ...??? Or maybe you already use it ..???? Do you know that Google allow hackers to scripting (hack) the Google Chrome, and as the reward, the winner will get 20,000 USD from Google? This article will tell about how to put or hack some good add-ons on Google Chrome? If you already have Google Chrome, read the further explanation :

1. Creating Multiple Profiles on Google Chrome
When you fill omnibox, Google Chrome automatically search the web history and shows a list of entries that approaching your input keywords. For those who like visit "naughty" site, what happens if your partner type the keyword on search and accidentally pointed it at the your favorite "naughty" site?

Instead of using incognito mode each time, it's better you create several different profiles for all Google Chrome users.

Google Chrome Backup is a small application that allows you to easily create profiles for Google Chrome with just use a few clicks.

To save your profile, just right click on the profile and select "Backup Profile".

Then you can choose to use a specific profile when using Google Chrome.

2. Install Greasemonkey on Google Chrome
Most Firefox users would have ever heard about Greasemonkey, and with a little trick, you can make Greasemonkey to work on Google Chrome by following the below steps :
1. Press Ctrl + B to display the Chrome bookmarks bar (if hidden).
2. Drag this bookmarklet to your bookmarks bar
3. Visit http://userscripts.org/ and select the script that you want to install.
4. On the installation page, click the bookmarklet that you created earlier to change the script to be compatible with Google Chrome.
5. Drag notification "Install the script" to your bookmarks bar and congratulation, you already install Greasemonkey scripts in Google Chrome!

3. Add Total Omnibox Suggestions on Google Chrome
Usually Google Chrome shows five input URL when you fill omnibox. If you want to receive more / less input, you can change it by adding the command "omnibox-popup-count =" on Windows. Follow the below steps :
1. Right click on the Google Chrome shortcut icon and select "Properties".
2. In the target field, add the command line switch "-omnibox-popup-count = 10?" (Without the quotes) at the end of the command to change the number of Google Chrome inputs to 10, you can change this figure as you like.

4. Change Google Chrome Theme
Want to change Google Chrome theme, but do not know how? Google Chrome does not provide this option by default, but AerialSky has previously explained how to install Google Chrome themes. You can get Google Chrome themes from here and then install your Google Chrome theme with XChrome.

5. Stumbleupon in Google Chrome
With Firefox, you can use Stumbleupon to discover interesting things. With this simple trick, you can get Stumbleupon function in Google Chrome. Follow the below steps :
1. Right click on the bookmarks bar and select "Add page".
2. Called the new bookmark with "Stumble!".
3. Enter "javascript: window.location.href = http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url =% 27% 20 +% 20document.location; in the URL box.
4. Now if you click Stumble! bookmarklet will bring up the StumbleUpon toolbar.

And if you want to write reviews on StumbleUpon :
1. Create a new bookmark and call with "Review for Stumble".
2. Enter "javascript: window.location.href = http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/ #url%27; in the URL box.
3. Now, whenever you arrive at a site that you want to review, simply click on "Review for Stumble" and it will take you to the StumbleUpon review page.

6. Create RSS feeds Preview on Google Chrome
One of the features that many people want is the ability to view RSS content before deciding to subscribe. To overcome this problem, RAMisp.org has written a script that allows you to preview RSS in Google Chrome.
1. Visit http://feeds.ramisp.org/.
2. Drag the "Auto-Detect RSS" to your bookmark bar.
3. Now, whenever you want to see a preview of a RSS feed, you simply select "Auto detect RSS" button.

7. Create your Google Chrome Shortcut Customization
Google Chrome comes with some shortcuts, but if you want more, use Autohotkey to create many shortcuts as you wish.
1. Download Autohotkey in http://www.autohotkey.com/download/.
2. Install Autohotkey.
3. Visit "How to Tuts" to get the scripts that have been made to Google Chrome.
4. Save the file ".ahk" on your computer.
5. Double-click the file ". ahk" to navigate the shortcut keys.
6. Restart your Google Chrome and now, you should be able to use the new shortcut that was installed.
Some scripts that are ready to use on "How to Tuts" includes :
• Win + a or F1 : Switch to previous tab.
• Win + s or F2 : Switch to next tab.
• Win + z : Go back.
• Win + x : Go forward.
• Win + c or F4 : Close current tab.
• Win + V : Paste and go.
• Win + Alt + v : Paste and go in a new tab.
• Ctrl + z or F12 : Undo last tab.
• CAPS : Switch to Google Chrome and create a new tab (If Google Chrome is not running, it would open Google Chrome).
• Scroll the mouse wheel on the tab bar : switches to previous and next tabs.
• Ctrl + Shift + T : create Twitter post.
• Ctrl + Shift + D or Ctrl + Shift + B : create Delicious bookmark.

Have a nice try !

Dago search engine algorithm

2011-02-10T06:21:00.000-08:00

Search engine has its own algorithm, but not all search engine has algorithm. To know about this algorithm, we must know about the key scripts that search engine programmer enter into the search command (usually in form of MySQL command). This scripts are based on syntaxs. There are many syntaxs that can input to call search result page list, some of them are php, phyton, perl, CURL. Dago search engine has its own search result page algorithm. Google, Yahoo, Bing and others big search engine players have its own search algorithm. This search result algorithm will sort a list of data from database base on keywords that you enter. So, almost every search engine give you search result based on meta search (description, keyword, tags).

Dago search engine also create its own meta search, Dago meta search is not a compilation of search result from others search engine meta search. Dago create its own meta search list based on the websites or articles that you submitted to Sunshine corp (use the Dago URL submitter). Because we still use a free web hosting, we still cannot provide with the current syntaxs that we submit into free web hosting database. Sunshine corp for a while will provide you with the data that we take from syntaxs inside our localhost. That is why you must follow "Online Time" to get the Dago meta search data.

Back to the algorithm, Dago meta search will sort a bunch of search result list based on this algorithm :

Dago search result algorithm : 0.3 X (correlation between meta keyword, meta description, and title) + 0.2 X (correlation between array or keywords that you input) + 0.2 X (correlation among every user input time ) + 0.1 X (URL function) + 0.2X (correlation between URL and title)

Explanation :
- Correlation between meta keyword, meta description, and title
If you type a keyword, Dago meta search will search based on the meta keyword and the it make correlation with its meta description, and the last correlation with the title. If the correlation only in two or only one (such only in keyword, only in description, only in title, or only in keyword and description, or only in title and description, or only in keyword and title), Dago search engine will show it in lower search list, because the correlation to low.
- correlation between array or keywords that you input
If you put a bunch of keywords like "dago search engine", Dago meta search will describe it as three different array. If there are website and articles that show all keywords "Dago, search, and engine), it will shown as the first result in Dago search result page, because the correlation between keywords are high. But if a website or article only show one or two keywords, it will shown bellow the highest keywords correlation.
- correlation among every user input time
Remember, the faster you submit articles or websites to us, the more chance your websites or articles will shown on better search order list in Dago search result page. Example : Sunshine corp submit "www.mylovemyworld.co.cc" on February 10,2011 at 10 PM (GMT+8), and Oscar Perdanakusuma submit "directory.mylovemyworld.co.cc" on February 10, 2011 at 10.30 PM (GMT+8), "www.mylovemyworld.co.cc" will shown in higher order list than "directory.mylovemyworld.co.cc".
- URL function
Main Website URL will put in higher search result list than the website pages, website sub domain, and website articles URL.
- correlation between URL and title
If keywords that you input shown in both URL and website title or article title, that website or article will get higher search result list in Dago meta search. Example : If you type "mylovemyworld", the search result will give you a search list order with "URL : www.mlovemyworld.co.cc, title : Dago search engine | MyLoveMyWorld Article Directory | Healthcare | Education " get better search list place than "URL: entertainment.mylovemyworld.co.cc, title : YDOC Entertainment" because the title of entertainment.mylovemyworld.co.cc is not "mylovemyworld" but "YDOC Entertainment".

Dago search engine is a new search engine, that is why this algorithm can be improved with more complex algorithm. Google search engine algorithm based on 200 vectors. Sunshine corp does not know how to calculate the Google search engine algorithm, only Google employee know it. But based on Our experience, Some of that vectors are :
- Traffic to website or article
Traffic to main website URL is count higher than traffic to website article.
- Languages
If you type an article use English, your article URL will put in higher search list in google.com than in google.co.id. Local language will put in higher search result list than foreign language.
- Your website upload speed
If your host your website in a slow server web hosting, your website will upload slower than other website that host in faster server web hosting.
- Web hosting place (range)
If you host your website in Hongkong, even if your web hosting give you the fastest server in this world. The range with the main search engine host location will make your website get slower upload time (in google.com), but you get better result in google.com.hk.
- Google PageRank
As you know already about this PageRank (read more about google PageRank in directory.mylovemyworld.co.cc), Google will put the higher PageRank website above the lower PageRank website.
- Bounce Rate
The lower bounce rate website will get higher position in search result page. Bounce rate is a percentage of visitor that leave your website after they see only one article or one content.
- Plagiarism
Google since February 2011 fight against plagiarism for website articles or contents. If you feel that your visitor from search engine such as Google, lower than the previous month, maybe Google though you copy someone article to put into your website. But if you feel visitor to your website from search engine getting higher and higher each month, it means Google think your website has small chance to plagiate someone article to put into your website. This point is include in Google new search algorithm (Google new algorithm).
- Auto Targetting
If you use Google Webmaster Tool for your website, you could choose auto targetting for spesific country. This will make your visitor come with the high percentage from your targetting country. Example : If your website use auto targetting for Australia, your visitor will come most from google.com.au rather than others such as google.com.hk or google.com, even your website already use meta language english (en).
- Script
If your website has many flash script that hard to find by search engine, your webiste will get lower search result. Be sure that your script is well know by any search engine. Do not use too many complex scripts. Compress script is one of the simple method to get better search result in search engine. The script that you put in robots text (example from Google webmaster tool robots text) will make a significant help in search result.

Other vectors already listed in Dago search engine algorithm (such as correlation between meta keyword, meta description, and title; correlation between array or keywords that you input ; correlation among every user input time; URL function; correlation between URL and title) .

Google always update its search result list every Saturday Morning at 8 AM U.S. Eastern Time. Dago search engine always update its search result list every Saturday Night at 8 PM (GMT+8). To convert it to your current time, please see www.mylovemyworld.co.cc search result page, in Dago meta search section.

Lunar Chinese New Year Meaning

2011-02-02T07:59:00.000-08:00

Lunar new year is the new year in Chinese calendar. This 2011 Chinese New Year falls on February 3^rd. Lunar usually ranges from January 21^th and February 19^th. Ornaments and items easily found in the nuances of Chinese New Year shopping centers, hotels, restaurants, banks, and others. Ads in newspapers and banner on the roadside enliven the celebration. It is interesting when looking at Chinese New Year celebration splendor. But more interesting to observe that the meaning of Chinese New Year, particularly in cultural perspective.

Culture is not confined to works of art. Understanding the culture here is more emphasis on attitude and behavior. Talk about the elements of culture that can not be released is the values, beliefs, norms, and assumptions. This element is the basis and impetus for people in a group to behave similarly. In the context of the Lunar New Year, these elements can be seen from custom or tradition that is conducted every year.

Habit is interesting to observe such activities before the Lunar New Year. Residents who celebrate the Lunar New Year in the habit of cleaning the house, with the following new equipment and furnishings, with intensities more than regular days. Clean-up activities are also accompanied by repair, polishing, or painting the furniture and equipment that is outdated for a new look back. After cleaning furniture or equipment, chinese new year usually attached by a piece of paper in red or marked "fu", which means good luck. Values contained in the clean-up activity is to clean and sincere hearts, filled with joy and hope to welcome a better tomorrow.

In the clean-up activities there is confidence that the luck factor contributing to the success. This belief does not superstisious but metaphysical. Scientifically it difficult to explain, but the truth is often proven empirically. Escape from all clean-up activities and continue to bring benefits. However a clean house will give comfort to residents and guests. In the clean-up activities are also contained self-control effort not to always buy new furniture when the old is still worth taking. An item called the "new" is not merely a physical has not been used, but depending on the perception of ourselves. With the exception of clothing and goods that there is no way for a new perceived other than replaced. With the attitude of self-control as it would avoid wasteful behavior. Requires self-control ability called intrapersonal intelligence. At the community level may be more appropriate if the culture is called efficient.

Another habit is to pay off the debt ahead of Lunar New Year. Individually may each have a reason delinquent debt. There is a link if the debt collected on the day of good luck will tarnish, therefore it is quickly repaid. But in fact pay off the debt culture has its own meaning, namely a sense of responsibility and recognition that the debt is a liability. Pay off the debt is an attitude of tolerance and efforts to maintain harmonious relations. Harmony can be maintained if there is mutual trust, mutual understanding, cooperative, collaborative, and the intention to agree (desire for consensus).

The most Lunar New Year customs awaited, especially by children is giving red packets containing money called hongbao. Giving hongbao generally directed to children and people who are elderly and no longer productive. Giving hongbao is about give love and thank you. For recipients of hongbao, of course great excitement that is felt. Love will exist when there is a sense of caring to others, sensitive to the needs of others, sincere, honest, willing to sacrifice, and good wishes.

As the celebration of "Idul Fitri", "Christmas", "Polar New Year", or another big day, the habit of visiting each other, stay in touch, exchanging congratulations also found on Lunar New Year celebration. Hospitality and congratulations also came from friends or acquaintances who do not celebrate the Lunar New Year. The most popular greeting is "gongxi facai". This remark can mean "May you prosper." "Facai" as literally means to be wealthy, so that can happen misinterpretation that the orientation of ethnic Chinese living is a treasure. In fact not a few ethnic Chinese in various parts of the world who dedicated his life to the field of science, education, government, or other work which does not allow himself a facai (become wealthy). Because it can be concluded that formal greeting "gongxi facai" not appropriate to say for people who are respected in certain circumstances.

Speech delivered is simple common "xinnian kuaile". The speech was the same with "Happy New Year", which means "Happy New Year." It is not clear whether the western culture influencing Chinese, Chinese or otherwise affecting the west. Accompanying speech is "wanshi ruyi", meaning all things happen as you wish. Often also appears pitched greeting hope that there is a surplus every year, "niannian youyu". This remark implies the need for hard work and saving for the future. The word fish and surpluses are homophones, both pronounced "yu". Therefore, the fish is always served at Chinese New Year celebration, as the significance of what is obtained is more than enough.

From a variety of speech, explicitly or implicitly, contained the meaning of "luck" in it. Words such as "jixiang" and meaningful "Jili" luck. Even within the word "facai" (get rich) also a factor of luck. Because it can be concluded that in Chinese culture, faith in the luck factor is very high. No wonder that the first and second day of Lunar New Year, the broom should be hidden. Sweep dealing with garbage, so there is the assumption that the broom is the significance of disadvantage. The question that may arise, whether belief in luck is incompatible with religion. Of course the answer is no. Precisely this belief is increasing piety and draw closer to God. In prayer often tucked petition to God to give sustenance and protects His people to avoid misfortune. Beliefs that are contrary to religion is believing in the power other than God, in power to control their own luck.

Finally, I realize this article is far from sufficient to explain all the meanings attached to the Lunar New Year. Through this article, I intends to say that Lunar is not identical luxury. Lunar New Year is not just a cake basket. Lunar also not the same as chinese feeling. Lunar is the starting point, and it will renew itself for anyone who believes that the "fu" (fortune) serves to support their success.

Happy Chinese New Year 2562

To all Readers

Anti DNS Spoofing (Anti Nawala)

2011-01-25T06:11:00.000-08:00

Basically, there are several ways to filter out any unwanted content. Among it are :

1. Filtering through a proxy server, this method has been proposed as a way to filter out pornographic web, which is use squidGuard, Danguardian, and several other applications based on software and hardware.

2. DNS spoofing, this method uses DNS servers, which then carried out domain manipulation, DNS spoofing itselves can use the BIND software, POWERDNS, DJBDNS, MARADNS, and so forth.

3. BGP Inject, where BGP Inject method was once used by Pakistan to block access to YouTube in 2008 that resulted in two thirds of worldwide Internet users can not access Youtube. Pakistan use this in order to filter the Fitna movie, this method use router to do the 'inject' and IP addresses would be blocked on BGP routing.

Actually, DNS spoofing method was once used by a hacker named Eugene Kashpureff in 1997, which moved all web traffic from the Internic / Network Solutions to Alternic for several days. The danger of spoofing was first proposed by Steve Bellovin, a network security expert at AT & T Labs, in 1991.

Apart from that, there is a positive side that can be utilized by this DNS spoofing method. Among them is to filter out unwanted content.

What is DNS Spoofing?

When we make a connection to a host / server by giving the host name, for example, you browse to http://www.google.com, the computer that we use will make the changes (translation) of the domain name www.google.com to IP addresses.

A TCP / IP network using IP addresses as an identifier of a host, the IP address is stored in each IP packet that carries data / information. With the IP, the switch / router can determine the path where the package should be sent.

The domain name used to facilitate us in remembering a host name. The process of translation done if the Domain Name System database used distributed TCP / IP applications to map between host names to IP addresses. The process called resolvable and resolvable will create a program to domain name that called the resolver.

The concept of control is specified in RFC 1034, while its implementation is described in RFC 1035. A host name is usually represented by a fully qualified domain name (FQDN), which has the form as follows:

- Host name like johndoe.blogspot.com, google.com, students.itb.ac.id are examples of FQDN.

Top level domains

Top Level Domain is the domain of the most high in the tree control. There are several kinds of top-level domains, namely :
- ARPA is a special domain devoted to translating from an IP address to host name.
- Organizational domain such as com, org, net, edu, gov, mil.
- Country / geographical domain such as cn for China, uk for English, de for German, us for United States of America.

DNS Protocol

The process of resolving a domain name is done by seeing a local database cache or if it does not exist, the resolver will ask you go to a DNS server that has been determined.

DNS protocol is used for the purposes of management control. A DNS message header which has a fixed length 12 bit and then followed by a variable whose length is not fixed. Below is the format of a DNS message:

+----------------+
| IP (20 bytes) |
+----------------+
| UDP (8 bytes) |
+----------------+
| DNS header |
+----------------+
| Question |
+----------------+
| Answer |
+----------------+
| Answer |
+----------------+

DNS message header which has a fixed length of 12 bits followed by a variable whose length is not fixed.

The DNS header consists of :
- ID or identification which is set by the client and returned with the same value by the server, this section is used to determine the request and response pairs.
- Flags that consists of 16 bits.

+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- +----+----+----+----+----+----+
| QR | opcode | AA | TC | RD | RA | zero | rcode |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- +----+----+----+----+----+----+
<----> = 1 bit

- QR (query-response), means the query, 1 means the response.
- Opcode 4 bits, standard query, an inverse query, 2 server status request.
- AA.
- TC, bits that indicate if the package is broken (truncated) because the data brought more than 512 bytes.
- RD, recursion desired bit.
- RA bit means recursion available.
- Rcode (return code), means no error, if 3, means the name error which means the hostname that does not exist.

DNS query and the answer usually use UDP protocol (RFC-768), but can also use the TCP protocol. TCP protocol is used when the resolver to get answers that can not be sent by a UDP packet because of the long answer that more than 512 bytes.

Query process was first carried out using UDP. If the package is more than 512, the name server will provide the answer with the TC flag is 1 then the client will do the query again using TCP. Name server will then give answer with a TCP packet that has the features of packet fragmentation so that the data is greater than 512 bytes can be sent to the resolver.

List query type that can be seen in the following table :

Name	Numeric Number	Query	Response	Description
A	1	Y	Y	IP address
NS	2	Y	Y	Name of server
CNAME	5	Y	Y	Canonical name
PTR	12	Y	Y	Pointer record
HINFO	13	Y	Y	Host info
MX	15	Y	Y	Mail exchange record
AXFR	252	Y	-	request zone transfer
ANY	255	Y	-	request all record

Clients connect to name of server or DNS server on port 53

Example DNS query and reponse that taken using a tool called wireshark (www.wireshark.com):

--- Query ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------
Frame 15 (82 bytes on wire, 82 bytes captured)
Ethernet II, Src: Usi_e2: a1: 78 (00:16:41: e2: a1: 78), Dst: Cisco_e3: E4: 00 (00:16:9 c: e3: E4: 00)
Internet Protocol, Src: 192.1.1.1 (192.1.1.1), Dst: 192.1.1.17 (192.1.1.17)
User Datagram Protocol, Src Port: 4038 (4038), Dst Port: domain (53)
Source port: 4038 (4038)
Destination port: domain (53)
Length: 48
Checksum: 0x6cbc [correct]
Domain Name System (query)
[Response In: 18]
Transaction ID: 0x4e5c
Flags: 0x0100 (Standard query)
0 ... .... .... .... = Response: Message is a query
.000 0 ... .... .... = Opcode: Standard query (0)
.... .. 0. .... .... = Truncated: Message is not truncated
.... ... 1 .... .... = Recursion desired: Do query recursively
.... .... .0 .. .... = Z: reserved (0)
.... .... ... 0 .... = Non-authenticated data OK: Non-authenticated data is unacceptable
Questions: 1
RRS Answer: 0
RRS Authority: 0
Additional RRS: 0
Queries
halo.halo.com: type A, class IN
Name: halo.halo.com
Type: A (Host address)
Class: IN (0x0001)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

--- ---------------------------------------------- Response ---------------------
Frame 16 (132 bytes on wire, 132 bytes captured)
Ethernet II, Src: Cisco_e3: E4: 00 (00:16:9 c: e3: E4: 00), Dst: Usi_e2: a1: 78 (00:16:41: e2: a1: 78)
Internet Protocol, Src: 10.4.3.7 (10.4.3.7), Dst: 10.1.1.39 (10.1.1.39)
User Datagram Protocol, Src Port: domain (53), Dst Port: 4041 (4041)
Source port: domain (53)
Destination port: 4041 (4041)
Length: 98
Checksum: 0x6677 [correct]
Domain Name System (response)
[Request In: 33]
[Time: -3.000686000 seconds]
Transaction ID: 0x4e5c
Flags: 0x8183 (Standard query response, No such name)
1 ... .... .... .... = Response: Message is a response
.000 0 ... .... .... = Opcode: Standard query (0)
.... .0 .. .... .... = Authoritative: Server is not an authority for domain
.... .. 0. .... .... = Truncated: Message is not truncated
.... ... 1 .... .... = Recursion desired: Do query recursively
.... .... 1 ... .... = Recursion available: Server can do recursive queries
.... .... .0 .. .... = Z: reserved (0)
.... .... .. 0. .... = Answer authenticated: Answer / authority portion was not authenticated by the server
.... .... .... 0011 = Reply code: No such name (3)
Questions: 1
RRS Answer: 0
RRS Authority: 1
Additional RRS: 0
Queries
halo.halo.com: type A, class IN
Name: halo.halo.com
Type: A (Host address)
Class: IN (0x0001)
Authoritative nameservers
halo.com: type SOA, class IN, mname ns.halo.com
Name: halo.com
Type: SOA (Start of zone of authority)
Class: IN (0x0001)
Time to live: 40 minutes, 57 seconds
Data length: 38
Primary name server: ns.halo.com
Responsible authority's mailbox: hostmaster.halo.com
Serial number: 2008032501
Refresh interval: 2 hours
Retry interval: 1 hour
Expiration limit: 14 days
Minimum TTL: 1 hour
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

DNS cache poisoning

DNS has a caching mechanism that is a temporary storage mapping between hostname and IP address after a name of server (NS) receives mapping information from other NS.

Incorrect data from the attacker host who plays the remote Name of Server (NS), which is stored in the DNS cache in victims Name of Server. To perform this attack, the attacker need to guess the necessary tricks to get some existing fields in the packet control, namely :
- Guessing destination port (with 65.535 possibility).
- Guessing DNS transaction ID (identification) which is in the packet of header control (with 65.535 possibility).
- Guessing hostname / domain name that is be queried by client.

Due to poor implementation of the resolver, port and transaction ID that is created by the client , which can also be easily predicted by an attacker. This happens on DNS security hole in Windows. The use of port and transaction ID is not random. This will make DNS spoofing easier to do especially if the attacker can conduct wiretaps on the network between the client and the DNS server.

Examples of this attack as follows :

1. An attacker create web pages that are similar with www.johndoe.com website, to be able to obtain usernames and passwords of customers. The hoax website is stored in a server with IP 202.2.2.1.

2. Attacker's intent, if there is a host that uses a DNS server ns.target.com, http://www.johndoe.com will access the host, and it will do the request to the IP 202.2.2.1 which contains the hoax website of johndoe.com. Because the attacker has access to the network halo.com and can tap into the package that led to a name of server that is ns.halo.com and halo.com, the attacker perform DNS query type A, which asks the IP address of the xxx.halo.com to the name of server that will get attacked example ns.target.com.

3. If xxx.halo.com Host does not exist, the attacker only expect ns.target.com to ask ns.halo.com so that an attacker can tap into and see the detail of the DNS query packet. By looking at the details of DNS queries package that are intercepted from ns.target.com to ns.halo.com the attacker can predict the transaction ID that will be delivered by next ns.target.com.

4. Then the attacker sends the DNS query packet type A to ns.target.com, after that to host www.johndoe.com. The attacker expects ns.target.com will ask you about name of servers from johndoe.com, so that an attacker can use DNS reply to send deceptive (spoofed) that informs that www.johndoe.com has IP address 202.2.2.1.

5. If the transaction ID of the DNS reply has the same trick with the transaction ID of the DNS query that is sent from ns.target.com to johndoe.com with correct name of servers, and packet ns.target.com reply is received before actually answer package (the name of server from johndoe. com) comes then ns.target.com will update its cache database that has the IP address 202.2.2.1 for www.johndoe.com.

6. Now, anyone who uses a DNS server ns.target.com then when they browse to http://www.johndoe.com, they are directed to a hoax website located at 202.2.2.1.

Of course this process needs to be done with a tool so that the process can be done quickly and repeatedly with a successful assault becomes larger.

DNS ID Spoofing

In the same way, with guess the transaction ID, the attack can also be directly targeted to a client (not the name of server). Usually a client (target to be attacked) will perform DNS queries to DNS servers that has been set on the operating system level. By making the DNS reply packet tricks, the attacker can make clients lead to the wrong IP address of a particular hostname.

Examples of this attack scenario is as follows :

1. The attacker knows that his friend as the target usually have access to www.johndoe.com and target using IP 207.1.1.7.

2. The attacker sends the DNS query reply continuously with a particular transaction ID that directs www.johndoe.com to the attacker's IP address is 202.2.2.1.

3. At the time the target browsing to http://www.johndoe.com, and the browser will instruct the resolver to query the DNS, if the resolver does not find the local cache it will send the package type A DNS query to the DNS server.

4. If the DNS server used to provide a response (which answers queries from the IP address www.johndoe.com) before target has received the packet from the attacker, a DNS reply and the chance of his transaction ID match then the browser will redirect from http://www.johndoe.com to the wrong IP of 202.2.2.1.

5. These attacks can be more easily done if the attacker and target are in a same network, so an attacker can tap into packets that are sent from the target host, so that the attacker knows the transaction ID that is sent by the target.

One example of the way DNS spoofing trojan is Tongji trojan from China. Usually Tongji trojan infiltrated by the server admin account. For a non-Admin network (if you do not have the authority to control the network), there is a way to overcome Tongji trojan :

1. Use Windows Explorer, go to:
C: \ WINDOWS \ system32 \ drivers \ etc and open the hosts file (click and drag the file into notepad).

2. Ranked at the bottom, add the following 2 lines code :

127.0.0.1 v.freefl.info
127.0.0.1 js.tongji.cn.yahoo.com

Then save the file. This is used to make the script does not run, because it will automatically lead to localhost/127.0.0.1.

3. Open a command prompt (type CMD in the Run menu).

4. Type this code :

arp-a

for example, it will make gateway appear using code list :

Interface: 192.168.4.211 --- 0x10004
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.4.1 00-1c-F0-dd-5d-1f dynamic
192.168.4.17 02-1d-g0-6d-bd-0E dynamic

5. If the above table appears, sometimes appears more than 2 virused IP. For this example, I used color for the original gateway is black and the virused is red.

6. Now we have to let the settings always use the correct gateway. Type: arp-s [IP] [mac] code:

arp-s 192.168.4.1 00-1c-F0-dd-5d-1f

7. It is done.

Meanwhile if you are the network admin, just follow the way of 1 to 5, but at the gateway which IP is not the original gateway, you need to memorized it. If you already got IP, check the infected computer. This is useful if you have a lot of computer network, so do not need to be checked one by one. After that update your antivirus, scan, clean your network. The Tongji use ARP spoofing or DNS spoofing.

ARP Poisoning
1. Attacker ARP is one of the networking tool that has many functions that can be used for sniffing, spoofing and attacking on the network. ARP poison routing mapping is a way to manipulate the ARP cache. ARP poison routing will create a fake ARP Reply packet. By sending fake ARP Reply continuously, the target computer sends frames destined for computer A to computer B which get first shipped. ARP poison routing is usually followed by an attack to capture or take over the communications which are not encrypted or do not have a digital signature.

2. How to overcome ARP Attack :
- Use ARPwatch to see the change of MAC address that is on our network.
- Set a static ARP cache for the MAC address of each computer.
- Use a Virtual Private Network.
- Set a static IP and MAC address on the computer. by using the command "arp-s [IP Gateway / Proxy] [MAC Address of the Gateway / Proxy]" in the Command Prompt.

DNS poisoning

1. DNS poisoning is a technique to poison the cache on a DNS server with the wrong data or information. If a DNS server exposed to DNS spoofing or cache poisoning, the data or information provided in DNS server is not valid anymore because it has been spoofed or poisoned by the attacker.

2. How to resolve DNS poisoning :
- Restricted zone-transfer : Perform restriction zone transfers only to secondary-name-servers or machines that actually have the authority to get information or data on the zone concerned. In / etc / named.conf add the line to allow the transfer of {[ip-or-network-that-can-do-zone-transfer]}; in the options or zone.
- Restrict dynamic updates : Restrict Dynamic updates on your DNS servers update request information from the host / domain. In / etc / named.conf add the line to allow update {[ip-or-network-that-can-do-update]}; in the options or zone.
- Use version of the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) : Most of the old BIND versions have a bug and can be exploited so that it will cause an attack. By using the latest version, we expect to minimize the bugs and exploits that can be done against name of servers because of bugs in previous versions are already fixed in newer versions. Do not forget to upgrade existing reading change (release notes), because in the latest version, there are some configuration changes to enable new features and performance.
- Distribution function of name-servers, namely : The function to receive and answer the query will avoid an excess load on our DNS servers resolving a lot of demand in particular. Function for name-internal and external network server to avoid any information or data used by people who are not responsible. When we try to make two DNS servers, we need two computers to a server (hardware). With BIND version 8 upwards we can make two name of servers in a single computer so that we can divide which name of server to receive and respond to queries or requests for resolving domain name.
- Reduce errors on one point :
There are several ways to do :
* Provide more than one DNS server which is authoritative for each zone (different subnets, different routers, different connections).
* Provide a master name of server backup.
* Provides backup for name of server resolution.
- Restrictions query : Limit query or request to the data or information contained in the database or file-caching DNS server zone. In / etc / named.conf add the line allow query {[ip-or-network-that-can-do-query]}; in the options or zone.
- Restrict recursive query : With restrictions on recursive query DNS servers, it can minimize the threat of DNS spoofing / cache poisoning. Recursive request can be limited by the options allow-recursion.
- Reject the BIND version query : Query in BIND software version is usually use by attackers to know the version of BIND and they would compare with a list of versions that have a weakness. Furthermore, the attacker will attack with exploitate specific versions of BIND. We must reject the request and noted the request version, by editing / etc / named.conf and zone.
- Turn off unnecessary services to filter data traffic : These services are not used on hosts that running a name of server. It should be turned off but it also needs to be filter data traffic. Traffic or requests to ports 53/tcp and 53/udp port is allowed but keep in-filter and restricted through name of server configuration. Other services, that are still used on the host, can use a firewall filter.

We need to observe Internet connection resulting from ARP attacks :
1. The connection becomes slow.
2. Applications of Yahoo Messenger/ MSN Chat into error.
3. It often get time out.
4. MAC address of each computer vary / not fixed.

Although computers have been given deepfreeze antivirus protection, it still possible to get ARP attacks. Antivirus detect this phenomenon but not all anti-virus. So an alternative to overcome this problem, disable antivirus and deefreeze also be disabled.

Anti Nawala Method

About the Nawala problem when you browse Blackberry in Indonesia, I will give you some solution. In this article, I wanted to describe Nawala method that used to do the filtering in BlackBerry Internet Service in Indonesia :

- When BlackBerry users want to access a website such as www.johndoe.com which has prohibited content then the connections from your Blackberry handsets will be forwarded to the Blackberry system in Canada.

- From the Blackberry system in Canada then forwarded to the Nawala DNS server in Jakarta to query DNS for domain www.johndoe.com.

- The Nawala DNS server checked for these domains, when it is known that the domain is restricted domain (found in the Nawala database server) then the Nawala DNS Server spoofing process occurs which the forbidden domain was transferred to the web block.nawala.org.

- Conversely when the BlackBerry user access www.google.com, because this domain does not include in restricted domain so that the Nawala database will not 'manipulated' to block.nawala.org, it will be directly forwarded to the real web.

Nawala will filtering all restricted website in Indonesia. Nawala filter can be use in Windows Operating System and BlackBerry Operating System.

If you use Windows OS, you need some simple tricks to remove Nawala filter. Follow this tricks :

First double right click the computer image on the bottom right corner of your screen,
and select Properties (left click two times), then select Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) with left click two times, then exit option boxes containing the IP Address with DNS Address.

Nawala filter functions such as below chart :

Website ---->; DNS Address ------>; contained XXX will get Banned ---->; Block Address
Website ---->; DNS Address ------>; OK ----->; Approve ---->; Go to the website

Nawala block the feature via DNS address, now just change DNS using this method :
1. Left click on Start button.
2. Choose Setting>>Network connections.
3. Right click on Network connection that you use.
4. Choose Properties.
5. Choose TCP/IP and single left click on Properties.
6. In General tab, choose section two which has Preferred and alternate DNS server. Write this :

column 1 -=>; 203.130.193.74
column 2 -=>; Let it empty or fill with 203.130.193.75

or
column 1 -=>; 208.67.222.222
column 2 -=>; 208.67.220.220

or
just select "Obtain DNS Server automatically" option.

or
use this Anti DNS spoofing (Anti Nawala) software for Windows Operating System.

If you use BlackBerry, you need some simple tricks to remove Nawala filter. Follow this tricks :
1. You need to replace APN

How to replace APN?
Just choose Options>> Advanced options>> TCP / IP.

2. Enable APN settings only
Choose APN from the country which legalized the porn like Japan IP address. You can use VPN method to get the IP address (read more about how to unblock a blocked website in Computer Redesign category in MyLoveMyWorld). But VPN method can only ublock a blocked website, if you want to unblock all websites, you need to unblock it manually one by one. To simplyfied your job, I give you some Japan IP address like bellow :

From IP	To IP
43.232.0.0	43.235.255.255
43.244.0.0	43.244.255.255
43.253.0.0	43.253.255.255
110.0.0.0	110.3.255.255
110.4.48.0	110.4.63.255
110.4.128.0	110.4.255.255
110.5.0.0	110.5.63.255
110.44.64.0	110.44.95.255
110.50.0.0	110.50.15.255
110.50.64.0	110.50.79.255
110.50.96.0	110.50.127.255
110.50.192.0	110.50.223.255
110.50.240.0	110.50.255.255
110.54.0.0	110.54.127.255
110.66.0.0	110.67.255.255
110.74.0.0	110.74.31.255
110.74.32.0	110.74.63.255
110.74.64.0	110.74.127.255
110.74.224.0	110.74.255.255
110.92.0.0	110.92.15.255
110.92.32.0	110.92.63.255
110.92.80.0	110.92.95.255
110.93.96.0	110.93.111.255
110.128.0.0	110.135.255.255
110.158.0.0	110.158.255.255
110.160.0.0	110.163.255.255
110.165.128.0	110.165.255.255
110.172.0.0	110.172.15.255
110.172.32.0	110.172.47.255
110.173.240.0	110.173.255.255
110.232.0.0	110.232.31.255
110.232.192.0	110.232.223.255
110.233.0.0	110.233.255.255
111.64.0.0	111.64.255.255

3. After you change the APN with other country IP address, click save.
4. Try to browse the BlackBerry Internet Service and enjoyed the restricted website. Happy browsing !
5. Or you just want to try to surf restricted website from Blackberry Internet Service, Try to surf from Dago search engine. Try Dago Xtreme search to keep touch to your favorite restricted website. Have a nice try ! Happy surf !

DDoS and classic DOS attack overcome method

2011-01-20T06:01:00.000-08:00

DDoS attack (distributed denial of services) is a type of attack against a computer or server on the Internet network by spending resources, which is owned by the computer until the computer is not able to function properly, so that indirectly prevents other users to gain access service of the compromised machine. DDoS attack (Distributed Denial of Services) use multiple hosts (either using a dedicated computer to perform an attack or a computer that "forced" into a computer zombie) to attack a single target host in a network. In a Denial of Service attacks, the attacker will try to prevent a user access to the system or network by using several ways, namely :
- Flooding the network traffic with a lot of data so the network traffic coming from users who are registered unable to enter into the network system. This technique is referred as traffic flooding.
- Flooding the network with a lot of requests to a network service that give by a webhosting so requests from registered users can not be served. This technique is referred to as the request flooding.
- Interrupting communication between a host and its clients whom currently registered, this method can use a lot of ways, including by changing the system configuration information or even physical destruction of components and servers.

Denial of Service initial attack forms are SYN flooding attack, which first appeared in 1996 and exploit the weaknesses of the protocol contained in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Other attacks eventually be developed to exploit the weaknesses contained in the operating system, network services or applications to make the system, network service, or application does not serve users, or even crashes. Some of the tools used to perform a DoS attack (some tools can be obtained free), including Bonk, LAND, Smurf, Snork, WinNuke, and Teardrop.

Nevertheless attacks against TCP is often done by DoS attack. This is because other types of attacks (such as filling the hard disk capacity in the system, locking one valid user account, or modifying the routing tables in a router) requires tissue penetration, the possibility with only a small penetration of DDoS, especially if the network system has been strengthened.

Denial of Service attack is a classic "one on one", so it takes a strong host traffic to overwhelm the target host as to prevent valid clients to access network services on servers that become targets of DDoS attack. DDoS attack uses a more sophisticated technique compared with classic Denial of Service attack, by increasing the attack several times using several computers at once, to cause the server or the entire network segment to be "not useful at all" for the client.
Unlike the attack result that became a very high complexity, theory and practice to make DDoS attack is simple, which is as follows :

1. Running the tool that will automatically scan the network to find vulnerable hosts that are connected to the Internet. Once a vulnerable host is found, the tool can install one type of Trojan horse called DDoS Trojan, which will lead the host into a computer zombie that can be remotely controlled by a computer master that is used by the original attacker to launch attacks. Some of the tools used to perform this are TFN, TFN2K, trinoo, and stacheldraht, which can be downloaded for free on the Internet.

2. When the attacker was already getting a sufficient number of hosts (as zombies) to perform the attack, the attacker will use a computer master to signal the attack against the target tissue or target host. This attack is generally performed using some form of SYN Flood DoS attack or a simple scheme, but because it is done by many zombie hosts, then the amount of network traffic created by them is very large, so the DDoS attack will "ate up" all the Transmission Control Protocol resources that contained in the target tissue's computer and can lead the target host or target network is experiencing "downtime".

Almost all computer platforms can be hijacked as a computer zombie to carry out attacks like this. Popular systems, like Solaris, Linux, Microsoft's Windows and several UNIX variants can become a zombie, if the system or applications running on it has a weakness that was exploited by an attacker.

To find out if a server is attacked by DDoS, can be known from anomaly detection and signature-based detection.
- Anomaly detection is a way to find out the classic DOS attack or enhanced DDoS by looking at the traffic on your server.
- Signature-Based detection is a method of detecting classic DOS attack or enhanced DDoS with search process patterns observed from the network, and carried out the attack signature which is matching with the database.

If the server has been attacked by DDoS, then to handle it you need a simple method. What you need is to block hosts that carried out the attack. The trick is as follows :
1. Find the IP that carried out the attack. Feature character is having a lot of connections (like 30 connection in 1 IP), appears many of the IP from a single network.
2. Blocks these IP so it can not carry out attacks.
3. Do it continiously until the attack is reduced.

But the best way to prevent DoS attack is to do prevention, like :
1. Install firewall.
2. Installing the IDS.
3. Checking the network on a regular basis.
4. Create a special team to prevent and overcome the DDoS attack to the network.

In general, DDoS techniques will lead denial of service to shutdown the network connectivity due to the lack of bandwidth owned by your computer because flooded by packets of data from multiple sources with relatively in the same time. To overcome DDoS attack, we need the implementation of "transparent firewall" that can be implemented with Linux system operation, Why you can use Linux? Linux is needed to include / configure following applications :
1. Bridge.
Bridging mode in order to form a bridge as a coating between the server and the Internet.
2. Ntop.
Ntop for monitoring links and additional information via the web.
3. Portsentry.
Portsentry to do the blocking of portscan attempt on earlier attack.
4. CBQ / HTB.
CBQ / HTB to do limitation against incoming data packets.

Although you do not get full protection against DDoS attack but it is enough to help, for the protection and identification of problems, it's also good to ask the provider to help overcome DDoS attack by blocking the upstream side.

Tips for overcoming DDoS attack on Windows :
1. Go to the "Run" menu on your computer and then type "Regedit"
2. search for "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE"
3. Look for the "SOFTWARE"
4. Select on "Microsoft"
5. Search for "UPnP Device Host" or "UPnP Control Point"
6. On the "HTTP Server", right click on it and choose "New>>DWORD Value" and give 'DownloadScope' the value of "3" or it called "Data Value".
7. Go to "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SYSTEM \ CurrentControlSet \ Services \ SSDPSRV \ Parameters" and right click on it and choose "New>>DWORD value" and name it 'UploadScope' then give the value of "30" on "Data Value".
8. Close your Regedit, and restart the computer.
9. The DDoS attack should be vanish on your Windows Operating System.

Blackberry PIN Suspend and PIN Cloning Method

2011-01-10T07:08:00.000-08:00

What does PIN suspend and PIN cloning mean?
Lately, there are many issues that you have to be careful, about buying the Blackberry because of problems with the phenomenon of "stealing PIN", I mentioned Blackberry PIN cloning and also a story that the Blackberry PIN suspend where the Blackberry will get block and can not be used for BlackBerry messenger, browsing, push email and can only be used as a normal mobile phone to call and create text. So let me explain a little about PIN cloning and PIN suspend.

What is a PIN cloning?

There are many mobile phone shop that have the software to create / generate Blackberry PIN to use within their Blackberry. Creating software for mobile phones is not a difficult thing for programmers.

Why is PIN get cloned?

In the market, there are some Blackberry importer that bought suspended Blackberry from abroad for sale in your country. Because the PIN is suspended and can not be used again for the Blackberry service, then they will "steal" the PIN and do PIN cloning to damaged Blackberry.

How to steal PIN and cloning it?

To steal Blackberry PIN is an easy job, you know that if you want to purchase Blackberry from mobile phone store, you need to give a copy of your ID card. The mobile store already write or store all Blackberry PIN and IMEI that they sell in their computer database. The second trick is try to borrow Blackberry from your friend, look in option >> status, write down the PIN and IMEI. The next step is copy or scan your friend's ID card and store it in your wallet or send it by e-mail to your own e-mail. If you want to block your friend Blackberry, just called the RIM or e-mail the RIM costumer service, tell a fake lost called use your friend ID and your friend Blackberry PIN and IMEI. RIM (Research In Motion) will believe because the data is the same as what they have, and your friend Blackberry will be block. This method also can use by the Blackberry seller, because they already get copied of your ID and all purchased Blackberry PIN and IMEI. If you want to try some funny thing, try to send Blackberry messenger to your friend that tell "your Blackberry will be shut down if you do not want to send message like this 'bla-bla-bla', thank you." You must use other Blackberry PIN (not your Blackberry PIN) to do this. Your friend will trust it and send silly messages to all his or her Blackberry contact by Blackberry messenger. After it, just shut down his or her Blackberry by make a fake lost Blackberry report to RIM (Research In Motion).

For cloning, what you need is Blackberry PIN and IMEI numbers that have not been registered in any mobile phone operator. You must use the PIN cloner software, to clone another PIN to another Blackberry. You must visit shops to record the PIN number and IMEI on the Blackberry box for Blackberry cloning from those which is suspended for resale.

So if I accidentally bought a new Blackberry that had been cloned, how to overcome it?
Return your Blackberry to the store and ask for exchanged the Blackberry warranty for new ones. Usually the leading stores that sell Blackberry warranty from distributors will replace it. Operators also will replace it with new ones if your Blackberry still in warranty by the operator.

How can I know that my Blackberry PIN had been cloned?

The characteristic of the cloned Blackberry
Blackberry which has been cloned will be active simultaneously, because the occurrence of double PIN, the service will clash. You can use the Blackberry messenger but sometimes you cannot send and receive. Push e-mail is also problematic, it sometimes cannot connect to e-mail address. Internet browsers can not be used because it was used by the original user's PIN.

PIN Creator or Generate difference PIN with PIN Cloner

There is also a Blackberry expert who likes to create beautiful PIN and change their Blackberry PIN numbers use the same software and create or generate the beautiful PIN number. After generate the PIN, they can use Blackberry as usual. However, this method will not last long because the RIM (Research In Motion) is routine to check the server and will remove the cloned PIN from their official server.

Now, how if the person who generated this PIN unwittingly create a PIN that exactly the same as yours? The two Blackberry that have the same PIN would have clashed and one of them can not be used properly. Usually PIN cloner will be aware and will replace his PIN because he has no bad etiquette for cloning your PIN (because he just want to create beautiful PIN).

Suspended Blackberry PIN

RIM (Research In Motion) will suspend Blackberry PIN that have been reported lost by their owners through the mobile phone operator. So if you buy a cloned Blackberry, I mean the Blackberry has been suspended, the PIN cloning will not last long and risky to suspend again. If a Blackberry is reported missing, the owner must tell the PIN and IMEI numbers to Research In Motion, and it will be deleted on the RIM servers that apply to worldwide then the PIN is in suspension and can not be used for the Blackberry service worldwide.

How to report lost and suspend your Blackberry PIN?

If your Blackberry stolen or lost, contact the operator by telling the IMEI for your Blackberry to block it. Lately Blackberry theft often happens, both in public places like traffic light crossroads, at bus stops, in public transport, and etc. Each Blackberry has a 15 digit unique serial number (IMEI), which means it will be never the same as any other Blackberry. Write down this number, save it in a safe place. Do not store in your wallet, it's better left at home or place that you think safety.

Blocking IMEI via the mobile phone operator :

If your BlackBerry is stolen, contact your SIM card provider and let them know the IMEI code. They will be able to do the blocking so that the Blackberry can not be used at all even exchanged cards because of the Blackberry had been blocked and it is not block cell numbers in the Blackberry. Most likely your Blackberry does not come back again. But at least the bad guys also can not use it at all. So if all stolen Blackberry cannot function, then in the black market, Blackberry price will fall. I expect steal Blackberry is not a trend anymore.

How Check Blackberry IMEI?

Note: IMEI number can be noted in the option>> status or on the home screen press * # 06 #

Suspended PIN
Apparently, the operator is not blocking the IMEI but the Blackberry messenger will get block by matching the IMEI, it called PIN Suspend. Your PIN will be reported worldwide as lost PIN and no longer be used. After the block then the Blackberry is no longer able to use the facilities like Blackberry Messenger or push email, you can only use your Blackberry as usual mobile phones and to create text.

You must meet the following requirements to be able to report the lost Blackberry :
1. Blackberry that you purchased have a warranty from the operator.
2. Blackberry should use the SIM card with BIS (Blackberry Internet Service) from the same operator with the operator which give warranty service.

If you qualify for it,
1. Bring a box that contained your Blackberry PIN and IMEI number.
2. Copies of ID and make a statement on the operator report letter.
3. Contact your service to report lost and ask your Blackberry to suspend.

Only valid from mobile phone operator?

I have not received confirmation whether that all the operators can do the block. However, the operator should able to block if you buy the gadget with a warranty service from RIM (Research In Motion).

If you use any other SIM card (different with your handheld operator that give you Blackberry warranty), operator will not block your PIN. Hopefully other mobile phone operators around the world also will launch a facility to do this block.

How to avoid the PIN suspend and PIN cloning?

Buy your Blackberry from an authorized dealer or a store or friend whom you can trust. Try to buy with a warranty from operator or distributor. If you buy a used Blackberry, make sure you buy from a store or a friend whom you can trust and try to ask them to guarantee that the Blackberry PIN that you purchased is free from cloning.

Make sure your PIN number and IMEI on your blackberry is the same as that printed on the box. How to check it? Look in the Blackberry handhelds, it is in options>> status.

Hopefully this information can answer your questions about Blackberry PIN cloning and PIN suspend.

Aircraft Components, Flight force vectors, Airplane fuel combustion

2011-01-06T07:05:00.001-08:00

How an aircraft can fly?

By nature, human beings were created to live on land. However, birds can fly freely in space has provided inspiration for human to explore more of their habitat. At first people thought that to be able to fly, we should do as how the birds fly. Le onardo da Vinci carried away by the euphoria of flying dreams. Da Vinci created a glyph design called ornitopter, though ultimately not a successf ul tool that enables humans to fly. Before the design is realized, he immediately recognizes th at there can be human with owned power that can exercise control, flapping wings, and navigation in the same time.

Around 1500 years ago, da Vinci has been suggested that in order to be able to fly, it is must done with fixed wing and gave him a thrust. This i s based on the results of observations of birds to fly technique. He said bird wing consists of t wo parts which have their respective functions. The base of the wings of birds are relatively fix ed function which generates lift. While the bird's wing tip functions to pack and generate thrust. Separation force into the lift and thrust until now used to create flying machines.

So how an aircraft can fly? Basically, the wing was the one which gave the lift which we needed to fly, while the engine just gives the thrust to move forward. So, the easy conclusion is that the aircraft (not space aircraft) can fly because it ha v e wings.

Then, how do the lift to raise the wings? The lift force awakened because there are differences in surface pressure on upper and lower surface. In short, there will be a lifting force when the pressure below the wing surface is higher tha n the pressure above the wing surface. This pressure difference can occur because of diffe rences in air flow velocity above and below the surface of the wing.

Aircraft that is heavier than air was first flo w n by the Wright brothers (Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright) using their own aircraft design c alled the Flyer, which was launched in 1903 in the United States.

Aircraft Major Components

The main character of an aircraft is determined b y the original purpose of the design. Most of the aircraft structure consists of the fuselage, wing , empennage (rear), landing gear, and engines.

1. Fuselage

The fuselage or cabin and cockpit, which contains the seats for passengers and flight controllers. Fuselage can also consist of cargo space and c onnecting points for key components of the other aircraft. The strength and density obtained fro m welding of the tubes together that form a triangle built called trusses.

Since there is no framework then the skin must be strong enough to keep the density / strength of the fuselage. Thus, the problem is quite important in monocoque construction is maintaining enough strength while construction for weight al so must be considered so as not to exceed the limits. The main part of the fuselage including th e connection point of the wing and a firewall.

In the single-engine aircraft, the engine is usually attached in front of the fuselage. There are fire-resistant barrier between the back of the machine with a cockpit or cabin to protect pilots and passengers of the fire accident. Barrier is called a firewall and are usually made of heat resistant material such as steel.

2. Wing

Airfoil wing is attached on each side of the fu sel age and a surface lift aircraft in the air. How wings to create lift (elevator). The wings can be mounted at the top (high-wing), middle or bottom of the fuselage.

Many of the aircraft with a wing on top (high-wing) has a pole anchoring outside or called the wing-strut of the flight and landing to absorb the load from the strut to the fuselage structure. Several high-wing and most low-wing has a full-cantilever design that is designed to withstand the load without additional strut on the outside.

On the rear or trailing edge of the wing, there are 2 types of control surface (control surface) called the aileron and flap. Aileron usually starts from the middle of the wing to the outer end of the wing (wingtip) and work with the opposit e movement to create aerodynamic forces that make the plane to roll to the left or right. While the flap is usually from near the fuselage to the outside until the middle of the wing. Flap is usu ally the same flat with the surface of the wing at the time the plane was exploring. At the time of lowered, the flap moves in the same direction down the wing to increase lift during takeoff and landing.

3. Empennage

Empennage consists of the entire tail of the ai rcraft, including surfaces that remain / silent as vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizer. W hile the surface that moves, including rudder, ele vators, and one or more trim tabs.

The second type of empennage design does not require an elevator. But it is a unity of the horizontal stabilizer that can be spun in the center of the hinge.

This type is called a stabilator and driven by u sing the steering rod, just as if we move the elevator. For example, if we pull the steering rod, the stabilator will rotate so that the back (trailing edge) will be lifted. This causes the aerodynamic loads on the tail and nose causing the plane to go up. Stabilator have anti-servo tab mount ed on the trailing edge.

Anti-servo tab moves with the same movement with the trailing edge of the stabilator. Anti-servo tab function well as trim tabs to reduce the burden of pressure on the wheel and help the stabilator to remain in the desired position.

4. Landing Gear

Landing gear / wheel plane is a main support aircraft at the time of parking, taxis (moving on land), at the time of takeoff or landing. Landing gear consists of 3 wheels, two main wheels and a third wheel can be in front or behind the plane. L anding gear to wear behind the wheel is called conventional wheel. If the third wheel at the nose of the aircraft, this is called nose wheel, and the design is called a tricycle gear. Nose wheel or tail wheel that can be steered to make the plane can be controlled at the time of operating on land.

5. Power Plant

Power plant usually including engine and propeller. The main function of the engine is providing power to rotate the propeller. Machine also produces electric power, a vacuum source for some of the aircraft, and in most single-engine aircraft, provides heating to the pilot and passengers. Covered by the cowling or engine in a few planes surrounded by a nacelle. The purpose of the cowling or nacelle is to create a streamlined flow of air that flows around the engine and helps cool the engine with the air flow around the cylinder. Propeller, mounted in front of the machine, change the spin machine into a style that moves forward is called thrust that helps move the plane through the air.

Global issues on energy savings helped encourage the automotive industry to try to reduce the weight of automotive components produced. If the lighter automotive components, the energy requirements to operate these machines would be reduced. Any weight reduction of automotive components as much as 113.6 kg of fuel can save up to 0.425 km / liter. Any reduction of 100 kg of heavy vehicles will save 0.5 liters of fuel for 100 km.

Since a few years ago, aluminum became the material that is widely used as raw material for making automotive components because aluminum has a relatively lighter weight compared with other metals. In terms of strength, aluminum foam can be made better than even some types of solid aluminum alloy has better mechanical properties than steel. The use of aluminum metal in so many aircraft components. Aluminum alloys used in aircraft Airbus is aluminum alloy (aluminum alloy) 2xxx series and 8xxx series.

Along with the development of today's technology has been developed aluminum-based material that is lighter and has much better strength. This material called aluminum foam. Aluminum foam is a sheet of aluminum metal that having air cavities such as foams. Possessed special advantages of aluminum foam is the ability to absorb energy (energy dump) high from the various directions of loading. The specialty metals aluminum foam can be improved back into material that has the properties of a much more profitable, by making aluminum metal foam into aluminum foam sandwich.

Aluminum foam sandwich is the result of coating of aluminum foam sheet core cover through the process of compaction and heating. Foam core material in the form of aluminum foam material while the cover sheet is a metal with Tm (melting point) is higher than the foam core, such as sheet steel.

Therefore, a hollow shape like foam, the use of aluminum foam to reduce the weight of the component when compared with the use of solid metal. Other benefits mentioned above to encourage the presence of aluminum foam sandwich cutting-edge material to be applied in the automotive manufacturing industry in China so as to improve fuel efficiency.

Sandwich structure with a low specific gravity can be widely used in the automotive field such as car bodies, ships and aircraft components including aerospace where strength and high stiffness combined with low mass are essential requirements for the design needed to component. The nature of energy absorbers excellent sound of aluminum foam sandwich can reduce engine noise levels inside the car, train or airplane. Given these properties of aluminum foam sandwich has been used to replace the function of timber in building construction.

By looking at the potential to produce aluminum foam sandwich owned by China, it is necessary to give more attention to the foundry industry, especially in an effort to socialize the manufacture of aluminum foam sandwich so that China would become a major manufacturer of aluminum foam sandwich and can apply the aluminum foam sandwich on automotive components.

Manufacturing process of aircraft components

1. Making Jet Engine
The process of making jet carried out separately. Section - section that include in :
- Fan
The process of making this fan with a metal forging using titanium as a fan. Selection of titanium as a material because titanium is a light metal fan, strong, and not easily corroded. The process of making titanium metal is pressed using a mold. Furthermore, the mold is removed and followed by the finishing process.
- Compressor Disk
This compressor wheel disc resembles a large, squiggly. Disk compressors must have a very strong resilience and should not have a disability at all. This is because the disk compressor receives a huge pressure when in operation so that if there are imperfections in the making will cause fatal damage to the aircraft. The process of making this a compressor disk using metal cutting into rough shape. Furthermore, heating and stamping to the size specifications that cool. Furthermore, compressor disk in rendering to improve the metallurgy structure.
- Compressor Vanes
Compressors vanes made by using a casting method, where metal is heated until melted, after which the liquid metal is poured into the ceramic mold. Cooling process. Then, as the metal hardens, do the finishing process.
- Disk Turbine
Turbine disc is formed by metallurgy powder process for the disk turbine that give greater stress experience caused by intense heat from the combustion chamber, located right in front. Therefore, the disk turbine must have a very high strength. First, the wax mold is formed by pouring wax into a metal mold. After each set form of wax, wax mold is removed from the mold and ceramic bathroom sinks in the mud, forming a ceramic layer with a thickness of 25 inches. Each group is then heated to harden. The liquid metal is now poured into the mold.

After each of the above components are formed, then the components joined together to form a jet engine components. This unification process requires high precision, therefore the unification process is done using machines.

2. Making Landing Tires
Raw material for making these tires are rubber, carbon black, sulfur, and the synthesized compounds that have properties such as rubber. Tire manufacturing process making the first time is by mixing raw materials to form a rubber compound. After all the raw materials mixed with a flat, do the heating process for the merger that occurred on the chemical properties of raw materials. After the mixture is really united, rolling process performed on the mix to form a thick sheets. These sheets are used to manufacture the tire body. Making tire surface groove made by extrusion method where the raw material mixture is forced through the outer layer of tire-shaped hole that winding. Furthermore, the body tires and tire surfaces together and put in a pumping appliance to be pumped up to swell. Next tire must tested to see the occurrence of disability.

Aircraft Component Manufacturing Process Analysis

In the aircraft components manufacturing process that described above, there are some other alternatives that can be done in the process of manufacture of these components, including :
1. Making Jet Engine
- Fan
In addition to using the forging process, the manufacture of jet engine fan can also be done by using the casting method. In this casting process, we need a mold made of a material point of dissolution is higher than the melting point of titanium metal. It is intended that the mold does not come when pouring liquid metal melt titanium. In the process of casting, we need to heat until melted titanium metal, titanium is then performed pouring molten metal into molds. Allow the cooling process turns metal into solid form. After all metal hardens, remove the mold from the work piece, then do the finishing process to obtain the final product as you wish. By using this casting process, it is possible to create a large fan and suitable for mass production. However, the shortcomings are to cause accident with a high frequency and the resulting fan does not have dimensional accuracy and surface rough.
- Compressor Disk
Just as the process of making the fan, compressor disks can also be made by casting method. With the method of casting, compressor disks can be formed by pouring molten metal into molds, then place the freezing process. After forming solids, metals will be separated from the mold and do the finishing process. To increase the power of the compressor disc casting, heat treatment process that causes the compressor disk power increases. Excess manufacturing using casting method is the speed in the manufacturing process. However, in addition to high risk of work accidents, compressor disk molding results also do not have a level of security because it is still possible occurrence of defects on the inside of the product, such as micro porosity. This of course affects the performance of compressor disk which always receives high pressure. In addition to using the casting, compressor disks can also be made using the method of forging. The trick is to press the metal using a patterned mold compressor disk. Next step is the finishing process. The advantages of working methods is forging a high-speed production. But the drawbacks are the difficulty of making the mold pattern and the possibility of defects such as fractures and cracking which when finished to reduce the dimensions of the product so it is not in line with expectations.
- Compressor Vanes
Compressor vanes can be made using the method of forging. In the manufacturing process, metal is shaped solids that will be subjected to compression force by the mold shaped compressor vane, the mold is removed and the product finished, the work results need to remove the scrap material. The advantage of using forging method in the process of making compressor blades is a fast processing time. However, the forging process to increase the residual stress that is feared could not survive in longtime use.
- Turbine Disk
The best way in making turbine disks is to use a metallurgy powder method, this is because the strength of turbine disks needed to operate with very high function. However, there are other ways that can be used in the manufacture of turbine disks, such as by using the method of casting and forging. However, these methods are not able to make other dairy products that have a very high strength even though the work is relatively short and economical.

2. Making Landing Tires
One way that can be done in the manufacture of landing tires is to use the casting method in which the mixture poured into molds and allow it to freeze. However, although the way is a quick process, there are possible defects in the product. This will affect the performance of the product because it must support the weight of the aircraft during landing.

From the information described above, we can be drawn some conclusions :
• Aircraft manufacturers generally use materials that made from metal.
• The process of making the aircraft components in the aircraft manufacturing industry uses metal forming methods, such as: casting, rolling, forging, and metallurgy powder.
• Production of components in the aircraft manufacturing industry use more than one method of metal forming.

Why Planes Can Fly?

Have you ever wondered, why airplanes can fly through the air? Is there something wrong with Newton's law of gravity? Is everything that is stuck on the ground should fall back to the ground?

1. Weight

Every thing that occupies space, has mass. Each mass is affected by the gravitational field, everything has weight. This also applies to the aircraft. Each component of the aircraft, starting from the framework of the aircraft, passengers, up to the trunk, adding heavy aircraft.

Gravity is the cause of each item is stuck on the ground, or who are not detained will always fall to the ground. Gravity always attracts everything to the center of gravity.

2. Elevator

If so, the aircraft shall be detained as not to fall? Yes, airplanes can be aired because they were held by the lift (elevator) that generated by the entire fuselage. Obviously, the largest component of which produce lift is part of the wing. How lift is produced? There are three names that should be mentioned here, Newton, Bernoulli, and Coanda.

The lift generated by air flow is deflected as it flows past the wings. In fact, not only when passing through the wing, lift is also produced when we put the paper in front of the air flow at a certain angle. The key word is the flow and the flow deflection. Try to play paper plane! If the plane were released without encouragement to the front, the plane will still be falling to the ground. This shows the needs of air flow for the lift can be generated.

When air flow is deflected, the action-reaction occurs between air flow and air deflect the object (wing, paper). When the air stream which originally straight and then turn after passing through the object, we then ask, what is to bend flow. Yes, the answer is the object. There is a style which is done by the object against the air flow. Newton said, for every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction from the action. The object had been working an action on air flow, hence, air flow will also be working on the same reaction to the object.

Now we have to understand that the lift generated by the direction of air flow that is deflected. Why the air flow can turn? Henri Coanda (1886-1972) discovered a phenomenon that the fluid flow tends to stick to the surface nearby. That is not air for granted, but the shape of the surface nearby. This means a streamlined flow of fluid will be changed according to the form surface nearby. This causes the air flow flipped on paper we had (or going across the surface of the wing).

Bernoulli Effect

What is the real manifestation of the lift? If the weight of the aircraft can be seen from the Earth's gravity, the elevator can be seen as a result of the pressure difference between the surface of the upper and lower surface. Net elevator (lift net) can only occur when the pressure under the wing is greater than the pressure above the wing. According to Bernoulli, this can only be generated if the velocity flow at the bottom of the wing is smaller than the velocity of air flow at the top of the wing.

The rotating ball

It can also be interpreted otherwise that the lift can be generated due to the difference in speed between the two surfaces so that the pressure difference. It can also be seen in the sport of tennis court. Tennis ball player trying to make spin. For example, when doing topspin (the ball played with a racquet strokes from bottom to top), this helps prevent tennis balls fell off the field. It is caused when the ball is given a top spin, the ball will rotate. Thus, the velocity flow on the ball is smaller than under the ball. This causes the downward force (Fm) on a tennis ball which helps prevent the ball is not out of the field.

Bound Vortex and Kutta-Joukowski

Kutta and Joukowski are two people who formulate that the elevator can be connected with a circulation / rotation of air around an object. That is, for each lift being generated, there is an air velocity that can be associated with the elevator. This is known as the bound vortex on the wing. Turnover air produces lift on the aircraft. Circulation the orem stated in the beginning when the aircraft still no circulation at all, this vortex will form a loop that for total circulation remains zero.

The Common fallacies

Errors which often found on how the lift can be generated are :

- The theory of "Longer Path" or "Equal Transit Time"

This theory says that the in-plane airfoil design for such a long trajectory over the surface of the wing is longer than the lower surface. This means that air molecules in the upper side of the wing must move faster than the molecules on the underside of the wings so they meet again at the end of the wing trailing edge. This theory even though it sounds right, but based on a false assumption, namely that the air molecules have to meet again at the end of the wing. If this theory is correct, our paper was not be able to generate lift. In fact, there is an elevator which is produced from paper which is placed at an angle-of-attack against the air flow.

- The theory of air molecules collisions

This theory says that the lift generated from the deflected air collision on the underside of the wing. This theory is wrong because just look at the underside of the wing that causes the air flow turned. In fact, more air is deflected at the top of the wing compared to the underside of the wing.

Aerodinamic Airplane Test

Wind Tunnel is the equipment used to perform aerodynamic testing of a model (usually a plane).

Models placed in a wind tunnel test section. Thus the model size is limited size of the test section. Generally, the dimensions used were long stretch of wing. If the test section has a size of 4 mx, 3 mx, 15 m and 98% blockage, the maximum wingspan that can go in the wind tunnel test section is 3.5 m.

In the wind tunnel simulation, the winds model are assumed stationary and moving with certain velocity. Meanwhile in the real aircraft condition, wind movement are considered relatively quiet. That's why the air flow in the wind tunnel test section must meet certain requirements. Among others, the wind that moves in the test section should be homogeneous in the lateral, longitudinal and vertical, good speed, static pressure, and intensity of turbulance angularity. Therefore, homogeneous wind speeds that capable in a wind tunnel test section is also one of the wind tunnel performance measures. Low-speed wind tunnel are generally able to produce the lowest speed of 5 m / s and the highest 80 m / s.

That's why the wind tunnel is relatively complicated construction. Consisting of several parts each of which is designed to produce wind conditions in the test section.

Installation sexy models in any kinds of tests, some use a single strut that connects models with scales, usually mounted on the fuselage. Or double-strut mounted on the second wing such that the model can be moved in 2-axis motion, namely the lateral and vertical axis.

Scales or so-called (internal / external) balance will read a model reaction forces and moments due to air flowing around it. Forces and moments later normalized to the reference area of the model and wind tunnel air flow, so that got some dimensionless quantities such as CL (lift coefficient) CD (drag coeff.) Cm (pitching moment) CN (yawing moment) Cl (rolling moment) CY (side force coeff.).

Coefficients are then displayed in a curve CL-alpha, Drag Polar, CY-betha, and others.

Usually the fields of control models, such as aileron, flap, elevator, etc. can be changed positions so that the price coefficient obtained in the derivative motion that control these areas.

This curve will be used to analyze whether the design is in conformity with the purposes of design, or modifications such as what should be done.

The forces acting on the aircraft

From some things, good performance of the pilot in a flight depends on the ability to plan and coordinate the use of energy (power) and the control of the aircraft to change the style of the thrust, force resistance (drag), lift (elevator) and heavy aircraft (weight). The balance of the forces that must be controlled by aviator. The better understanding of the forces and how to control it, the better skills of an aviator.

Here are the things that define these styles in a flight, those are straight and flat, not accelerated (Stright and level, unaccelerated).

Thrust, which is produced by the engine (powerplant) / propeller. This style is the opposite of the resistance force (drag). As a general rule, the thrust acting parallel to the longitudinal axis. But in fact this is not always the case, as will be explained later.

Drag is the force behind it, pulled back, and it is caused by the disruption of air flow by the wing, fuselage, and other objects. Drag is the opposite of thrust, and the action backward parallel with the relative wind direction.

Weight, gravity is the combined weight of cargo from the plane itself, the crew, fuel, and cargo or baggage. Weight pulled the plane down because the force of gravity. Weight against the elevator (lift) and acts vertically downward through the center of gravity of the aircraft.

Elevator (lift force) against the force of weight, and produced by the dynamic effects of air acting on the wing, and acting perpendicular to the direction of flight through the center of lift of the wing.

In stable flight, the number of opposing forces is equal to zero. There will be no imbalance in a stable, straight flight (Newton's third law). This applies in a horizontal flight or climbing or descending order.

This is not the same as saying all four forces are the same. Simply put all the opposing forces are equal and cancel the effect of each force. Often the relationship between the four styles is explained by one or depicted in such a way that it becomes less clear.

The value of all vectors are same. Description usual in general would say (without stating that the thrust and drag are not equal in value to the weight and lift) that thrust equal to drag and lift with the same weight.

Basically this is a true statement that should really be understood or would give a misleading notion.

It should be understood that in a straight and horizontal flight (straight and level), not accelerated, is the correct style of lift / weight that opposites are the same, but both styles were also greater than the opposing force thrust / drag are also equal in value between them, not compared to the lift / weight. For the truth, it must be said that in a state of stable (steady):

1. Total upward force (not just lift) is equal to the amount of downward force (not just weight)
2. Total thrust (not just thrust) is equal to the amount of force to the rear (not only drag)

Repair of the old formula that says "thrust equal to drag and lift with the same weight" also consider the fact that in the climb / climbed fly, partly also directed thrust upward, acting like an elevator style, and partly the style of weight, because the direction of the back also act as a drag. At the time drifting down (Glide) partial weight force vector is directed forward, acting like thrust. In other words, if at any time the plane is not horizontal then lift, weight, thrust and drag will be divided into two components.

Force vector when the aircraft climb

The previous concepts are often ignored in text books or aeronautics manuals. The reason is not because there are no consequences, but because of this discussion ignores the main idea of this aerodynamic forces acting on an airplane, in flight it can be delivered without the need to deepend its technical on an aerodynamics expert. In fact, considering just flying flat / level flight, and normally climb and glide with a steady, it remains true that wing lift is the upward force which is important, and the weight is the downward force which is very important.

Often, the difficulties faced at the time to explain the forces acting on an aircraft is a matter of language and meaning. For example, pilots have long believed that the plane climbed since the lifting force excess (excess lift). This is not true if only thought to do with the wing alone. But anyway this is true, if the lifting force is the sum total of all the "upward force". But when referring to "the lifting force of the thrust" of the previous definition had been made for these forces do not apply anymore and make it harder. It is not appropriate in this language has become a reason to use it as an argument, especially in the academic sector, rather than to make it easier as an explanation on the basic principles of flight.

Although the forces acting on the aircraft has been set, it still required a more detailed explanation about how pilots use it to produce a controlled flight.

1. Thrust

Before the plane began to move, thrust must be used. The plane will still move and increase the speed until the thrust and drag get into equal size. To maintain a fixed speed, the thrust and drag should remain the same, like the elevator and the weight must be equal to maintain a fixed altitude of the aircraft. If the flight is flat (level), reduced thrust, the plane will slow. During the thrust is less than drag, the aircraft will continue to slow down until the plane speed (airspeed), no longer able to hold the plane in the air. Conversely if the engine power plus, thrust will be greater than drag, the plane continued to increase speed. When dragging the same thrust, the plane will fly with a fixed speed.

Flying straight and level (straight and flat) can be maintained from flying with a low speed to high speed. Pilot must adjust angle of attack and thrust in all the range of velocity (speed regime) if the aircraft shall be detained at a certain altitude (level flight).

Angle of attack in different speeds

Roughly this speed range can be grouped into 3 regions (regime) : low speed, browsing (cruising flight), and high speed.

Angle of attack must be high enough to increase the lift force when the speed is low if the balance between lift and gravity must be maintained.

If the thrust is reduced and the speed decreases the lift force will be smaller than the weight and the aircraft will begin to fall from height. To maintain altitude, aviators need to increase angle of attack, which is required to produce lift equal to weight / weight of the plane, and when the aircraft began flying slower, aircraft will maintain altitude if the pilot provide thrust and angle of attack accordingly.

There are interesting things in straight and level flight in a low velocity, relative to the equilibrium of forces, with the state of the aircraft nose is higher, there is the vertical component of thrust that helps to support the aircraft. For one thing, the load on the wings tend to be less than expected. Most pilots will find the aircraft will stall, if other conditions are the same style, at the time of its speed will be lower even with the power on (engine power) compared with the power off (power of the engine idle) (air flow through the wing of the propeller also helps). However, if My analysis is limited to 4 styles in the general definition of "regular", one can say that at slow speed (straight & level), thrust is equal to the drag and lift with the same weight.

At the time of straight and level flight when the thrust was added and the speed increases, then the angle of attack must be reduced. Therefore, if changes are made with proper coordination, the plane will remain at the same height, but with greater speed if the relationship between thrust and angle of attack is adjusted.

If the angle of attack is adjusted (decreased) with increasing thrust, the plane will climb (climb). But by reducing the angle of attack, the lift turn, make it the same weight, and if done right then the aircraft will remain in level flight (not to change the height). Flight of a flat (level flight) with a corner angle of attack is slightly negative is possible in very high speed. This proves it, that level flight can be done with any angle of attack in the corner stall and a negative angle relative to a very high speed.

2. Drag

Drag or obstacles in the flight consisted of two types : parasite drag and induced drag. The first is called parasite drag because there is no function at all to help airplanes to fly, while the latter induced by produced or made of the wing work that made the lift (elevator).

Parasite drag itself consists of two components :
- Form drag, which occurs because of interference with the flow of air through the fuselage.
- Skin friction, the resistance of friction with the skin of the aircraft.

Of the two types of parasite drag, form drag is the most easy to be reduced at the time of designing an airplane. In general, the more streamlined shape, the plane will produce a shape that reduce parasite drag.

Skin friction is a type of parasite drag of the most difficult to be reduced. There is no perfectly smooth surfaces. Even the surface created by the engine when checked using tools / magnifying glass, it has a rough surface. This rough surface will deflect a streamlined flow of air at the surface, resulting in presure on a smooth flow. Skin friction can be reduced by using paint / glossy finish on a flat and reduce head rivets that pops out, the surface rough and uneven.

There is one more element that must be added about the parasite drag when designing aircraft. Parasite drag combines the effects of form drag and skin friction. The combination is called interference drag. If two objects placed side by side, the turbulence that occurred can reach 50-200 percent greater than if the two objects are tested separately.

Three of these elements, the form drag, skin friction and interference drag all calculated to determine the parasite drag on an airplane.

Form of an object is an important factor in parasite drag. Also, indicated airspeed (speed shown by the indicator) is just as important when we talk about the parasite drag.

Drag on an object that stands in a fixed position, relative to a given air flow, will increase by the square of the speed of its air. Adding twice the speed will increase the drag four times, three times the speed increase will increase the drag nine times. This relationship is only valid at subsonic speeds, below the speed of sound. At very high speeds, the ratio of profile drag which usually increase in line with increasing speed, it will grow even faster.

The second basic type of drag is induced drag. As we know in physics that no mechanical system that can be 100 percent efficient. That is, whatever the form of a system, then an effort will require additional efforts that will be absorbed or lost in the system. The more efficient a system, the less loss of this business.

Aerodynamic properties of a flat in-flight wing produce lift is needed, but this can only be obtained by several penalties to be paid, which is induced drag. Induced drag occured when wing produce lift and drag the fact types that can not be separated from the production of lift. Consequently, drag always appears at the time of lift generated. Airplane wing produce lift by using the energy of the free air flow. When produce lift, the pressure on the lower surface is greater than the upper surface. The results of air will tend to flow from the high pressure area from the tip of the wing (wingtip) to the middle to low-pressure area above the wing. Around the end of the wing there is a tendency these pressures to be balanced, equally strong, resulting in lateral flow out from the bottom to the top of the wing. This makes the speed of lateral flow of spin in the air at the end of the wing and flows into the rear wing. Then the flow around the wing tip will take the form of two vortex flow (trailing) on the rear wing at the time of moving forward.

When viewed from the plane tail, votex to vortex will circulate clockwise in the opposite direction around the tip of the right wing and clockwise in the left wing tip.

It must be remembered direction of rotation of this vortex to vortex can be seen that they produce air flow upward after passing through the wing tip, and downward airflow behind the trailing edge of the wing. Downward air flow is not at all necessary to produce lift. This is the source of induced drag. The greater size and strength of this vortex-vortex and in turn down the air flow component of air flowing past the wings, the greater the effect of induced drag. Downward airflow over the wing tip has the same effect by turning back the lift vector and therefore I would rather turn the lift backwards parallel to the direction of the air (relative wind) and produces components that direction to the rear elevator. This is the induced drag.

Also keep in mind to make a greater negative pressure above the wing, the front edge of the wing can be removed to get the greater angle of attack. Also if the asymmetry wing has a zero angle of attack, there would be no difference in pressure and no air flow to the bottom, then there is no induced drag. In any case, if the angle of attack increases the induced drag will increase proportionately.

Vortex at the end of the wing (wingtip vortex)

Another way of stating this, the smaller the greater the speed of the aircraft angle of attack required to produce lift equal to the weight of the aircraft and consequently the greater the induced drag this. The amount of induced drag varies inversely with the square of the speed of the aircraft.

Parasite drag increases proportional to velocity squared, and the induced drag varies inversely with the square of the speed of the aircraft. If speed is reduced close to stall speed, total drag will be immense because of induced drag rises sharply. Equally when the plane approached its maximum speed, total drag will be great because the parasite drag rise sharply. It is very important to get maximum mileage durability in aircraft. At a minimum amount of drag on, the forces needed to fight the drag is also minimal.

To understand the effect of lift and drag on an airplane on a flight, they should be combined and the ratio of lift / drag must be considered.

With the data of available lift and drag at various speeds on a flat plane and not accelerated, the proportion of CL (Coefficient of Lift) and CD (Coefficient of Drag) can be calculated at each specific angle of attack. The result of plotting to ratio lift / drag (L / D) at a certain angle of attack showed that the L / D increases to a maximum and then decrease in lift coefficient and angle of attack is greater. Note that the maximum ratio of lift / drag (L / D max) occurs at the angle of attack and a certain coefficient. If the aircraft operates in a stable flight in the L / D max, then the total drag is minimum. Angle of attack anything smaller or larger than the one in L / D max will reduce the ratio of lift / drag and consequently increase the total drag of the lift force provided on the aircraft.

The location of the center of gravity (CG) is determined by the general design of each type of aircraft. Aircraft designers to determine how far the center of pressure (CP) will move. Then they will determine the center of gravity in front of center of pressure (CP) for the relevant flight speed for a moment sufficient to maintain equilibrium flight. The configuration of the aircraft also has a profound effect on the ratio of lift / drag.

A glider with high performance may have a ratio of lift / drag is very large. Supersonic fighter aircraft may have a lift / drag a little at subsonic flight, but that caused the aircraft configuration required when flying supersonic ( L / D is large at the time of flight with a high Mach number).

3. Weight

Gravity is an attractive force that pulls all objects in the center of the earth. Center of gravity (CG) can be regarded as the point at which all aircraft weight centered. The plane will be balanced in the circumstances / whatever attitude if the aircraft was arrested right on the point of center of gravity. Center of gravity also is something that is very important because its position is very influential on the stability of an aircraft.

The position of center of gravity is determined by the general design of each aircraft. Aircraft designers to determine how far the center of pressure (CP) will move. Then they will make a point center of gravity in front of pressure center for a certain speed of the aircraft to gain sufficient capability to restore the equilibrium flight condition.

Weight has a fixed relationship with the lift, drag and thrust together. Simple relation, but it is important to understand the aerodynamics of flight. Lift is the upward force acting on the wing perpendicular to the relative wind direction (relative wind). The elevator is required to eliminate heavy aircraft (weight, caused by the force of gravity acting on the mass of the aircraft). Gravity (weight) is in action down through the center of gravity plane. On a flat and stable flight, when the lifting force equal to weight, the plane in a state of equilibrium and do not get missing altitude.

If the elevator is reduced compared with the weight then the plane will lose altitude. When the lift is greater than the altitude of the aircraft weight will increase.

4. Lift

Pilot can control the lift. If the pilot moves the steering wheel to the front or rear, the angle of attack will change. If the angle of attack increases, the lift will increase (if other factors remain constant). When the plane reaches the maximum angle of attack, then the elevator will disappear quickly. This is called the stalling angle of attack or burble point.

Before you go any further with the elevator and how the elevator can be controlled, we need to put on speed. The shape of the wing can not be effective unless the wings constantly "attacked" the air. If the aircraft should remain suspended, then the plane must keep moving. Lift is proportional to the square of the aircraft speed. For example, if an aircraft moving at a speed of 200 knots has four times the lift than if the plane was flying at a speed of 100 knots, provided the angle of attack and other factors remain constant.

In actual circumstances, the aircraft can not continue to move in a flat at an altitude and maintain the same angle of attack if the speed increased. Elevator will increase and the aircraft will climb as a result of the extra lift. To keep the elevator and trust into the same weight, and keep the aircraft in a state of straight and flat (straight and level) in a state of equilibrium then the elevator should be reduced when the speed is increased. Normally this is done by reducing the angle of attack, namely reducing the nose of the aircraft.

Conversely, when the aircraft slowed, requiring reduced speeds, increase angle of attack to maintain enough lift to hold the plane. There is a limit as much as what angle of attack can be added to avoid a stall.

In conclusion, for every angle of attack, the speed / indicated airspeed need to maintain altitude in a particular steady flight, not accelerating at all, and the factors in a constant state. (Remember, this is only true at the time flew by maintaining altitude "flight level")

Because of an airfoil will always stall at the same angle of attack, if weight is added then the elevator must be added, and the only method to do this is to increase the speed if the angle of attack were arrested at a particular value just below the "critical" / stalling angle of attack .

Lift and drag also varies according to the density of air. Air density is affected by several factors : pressure, temperature, and humidity. Remember, at an altitude of 18,000 feet, air density is only half the air density at sea level. So to keep the elevator in the higher altitude, an aircraft must fly with the actual speed (true airspeed), which is higher in value at any angle of attack.

Furthermore, warmer air will be less density than cool air and moist air will be less density than dry air. And on hot and humid air, a plane must fly with a greater true airspeed with a certain angle of attack, that given time compared to flying in cold and dry air.

If the density factor is reduced and the total lift must equal the total weight on the flight, then one factor must be added. Factors that are usually added are the speed and angle of attack, because two things can be controlled directly by the pilot.

It must be realized also that the elevator changes directly to the wing area / wing width, as long as there is no change in the form of broad wings / planform. If the wing has the same proportions with the airfoil, a wing with an area of 200 square feet will make the elevator two times at the same angle of attack than the wing which has an area 100 feet square.

As can be seen two major factors from the pilot perspective that can be controlled directly and accurately is an elevator and speed.

Sure aviators can also set the air density by changing the flying height and can control if the aircraft has a spacious wing flaps with a type that can extend the wings. But the general situation, the pilot only controls lift and speed to move the plane. Example in straight and level flight, explore at a fixed height, the height is maintained by adjusting the lift to match the speed of the aircraft or cruise speed, while maintaining a state of equilibrium when the lift equal to weight. When doing a pilot approach to land and want to get the speed, it is necessary to add an elevator to the maximum to maintain lift equal to weight of the plane.

What causes airplane fuel does not freeze when the aircraft is flying?

At the time the plane was flying, the temperature around the aircraft is very cold. Aircraft fuel is stored in the cavity in the wing, which of course the temperature is too cold. If the fuel freezes, it will be very dangerous because it can disrupt the operation of gas turbines. However, very rare injury caused gas turbine fuel line clogged because of freezing. Is aircraft fuel (aviation fuel) given a mixture of anti-freeze?

At the time of flight (or during engine works) occurred fuel combustion. In other words, the fuel temperature rises above freezing point. So in this condition continues to experience heating fuel which resulted in constant temperature, which is always maintained above its freezing point.

However, for very extreme conditions (such as in pole), aircraft fuel is possible to freeze. Usually to prevent freezing for a plane that landed in the polar regions, the aircraft engine in a stationary position was still turned on. This is to prevent freezing of fuel and hydraulic oil in the fuel system (which can interfere the aircraft control system failure). Usually for the polar regions, the plane is only allowed to land in a short time.

Merry Christmas and Happy New Year

2010-12-23T09:37:00.000-08:00

To All Readers, May God bless you always !

8 ways to steal your ATM PIN

2010-12-22T07:41:00.001-08:00

How cracker can steal your ATM PIN?

ATM burglary was carried out by an international syndicate that has been organized. To break into the ATM card, they use some mechanism, some of the ATM fraud mechanism to steal your ATM PIN are :

1. Use a tool called ATM skimmer.

ATM skimmer is a device that will copy the data on the victim's ATM card. The shape is similar to ATM in general and the hole was placed to cover the ATM hole. Because of the shape that is not suspicious, many victims who did not think that they would use an ATM that was installed with ATM skimmer. If victims already insert the ATM card into the hole that had been installed with ATM skimmer, then the perpetrators of piracy will easily have the same ATM card with ATM card used by the victim. Well after having an ATM card, hijackers only need to know the password used by the victims. The trick use a CCTV camera mounted somewhere in hidden place near ATM screen that could see the victim fingers when typing victims ATM PIN number that they use as an ATM PIN. After getting a copy of an ATM card and PIN, of course, the perpetrators of piracy will easily attract and use the money of the victim. This technique sometime combined with fake ATM keypad that put above the real ATM keypad.

2. Use fake mobile phone text.
Beware if you get message from your bank that asking you to reply your ATM PIN to get bank new updated database, because bank will never give you any suspicious text to consumer mobile phone. Cracker usually use free software that can send a lot of text from PC to mobile phone number. This free software will hide the sender location, and even hide IP. Cracker will only need to create a fake alert bank text and order you to send your ATM PIN by Internet (with fake address) or by cracker phone number.

3. Use bubble gum to seal money way out.
This kind of trick usually use by Hacker than cracker, because the basic point is just a fad. Hacker will put the bubble gum to seal money way out and wait behind the victim. After victim get trapped to think that the money never out of the ATM machine, the hacker behind the victim will tell the victim to call or maybe find the nearby bank that own that ATM. After the victim go for a while, the hacker will pull that bubble gum and get the money out of the machine. A simple trick huh?

4. By post a fake Bank emergency call center.
Sometime in an ATM machine, you can see the bank emergency call center if you get problem with the ATM. You need to watch the number with careful and detail because this kind of trick will trapped you to call a fake bank call center (that fake call center number is a cracker phone number).

5. Use another person ATM PIN number.
ATM delay time for each transaction is 15 seconds, so if you already done your ATM transaction, do not leave ATM machine immediately. Wait for more than 15 seconds and press cancel button without use any ATM card. This cancel button will really help you to faster the ATM delay time.

What is ATM delay time?

ATM delay time a a lag time between you got your ATM card back from the machine until the ATM machine will forget your ATM PIN that saved temporary in ATM database (usually about 15 seconds). If you leave ATM machine immediately, the next ATM user can use your ATM PIN (if he see your ATM PIN). This trick must be done bellow 15 seconds after you eject your ATM card from ATM machine.

6. Use a fake Internet banking address.
Cracker will create a fake Internet banking address that almost similar address with the original Internet banking from the bank. This fake Internet banking address also has similar website style, so you will not suspicious. If you type your Internet banking PIN in that fake Internet banking login form, your PIN will stored in cracker database. Cracker can use your PIN in original Internet banking address and take all of your money that you stored in your bank.

7. Use a fake authorisation ATM checker letter.
ATM regularly check by an authorisation group that has authorisation letter from the bank that own an ATM machine. Cracker will create a fake authorisation ATM checker letter to check ATM machine condition. With this letter, a cracker has a legal (fake legal) action to check how much money lump left. Because ATM money is stored as some money lump, not as pile of money.

Spamming via ATM perhaps as a crime advantage of a customer because it is done by stealing an ATM PIN as the entrance of the transaction. In fact, there is an ATM piracy technique that is not less dangerous with hacking techniques using software.

8. Use php script flash drive.
Apparently, the ATM security defense system was not as solid as many thought, the only evidence with a capital of just a flash disk can be ordered to remove all the ATM money. Flash disks are filled by Dillinger software.

After infecting the ATM machine, the Dillinger software will approach and instruct the machine to start spending cash. Dillinger name refers to the legendary figure of the United States robber, John Dillinger. While the software is made by the ATM company Tranax Technologies.

Locks are available on the Internet can be used to open the box which protected the ATM system. Then by entering the flash drive containing the Dillinger software into a USB slot, it will force the entire ATM spewing cash from it. ATM burglarized usually use a Windows CE device, a version of Microsoft Corp's operating system that is widely used on computers specifically including ATMs.

The actual ATM makers have created software that can prevent the hackers to repeat the same attack pattern. However, ATM is still vulnerable to hacker attacks. ATMs are used by financial institutions are also vulnerable to hacker attack.

Many ways to promote hacking as an effort to publicize the weaknesses of the device for users, so they can protect themselves and encourage software makers, producers and other parties to find a way to fix this vulnerability.

This script explain about how to steal user PIN data using a simple php syntax? Try to use this script into your mobile device (flash drive) and you need help from the person that regularly check ATM video data. That ATM video data checker person has an authority to enter back of ATM machine. Because the Video USB slot data checker is behind the ATM machine (not in the front of ATM machine). Enter the Video USB slot data checker with your modified flash drive and wait for 15 minutes. After that eject your Flash drive from Video USB slot data checker. Viola! You already got all one week ATM user PIN data. Use that ATM PIN data with the magic card that you can purchased on Internet. Magic card function is to copy any ATM interface script become new ATM (magic card) card or you can called it "a fake ATM card" or in pharmacy called it "placebo". Use the new ATM (magic card) card and use all ATM user PIN that use got earlier. Enjoy your hacking hard work :)

<script language="javascript">
function getPIN(code)
{
<?php
$sql="select * from reverse user by time";
$query=mysql_query($sql) or die(mysql_error());
while($result=mysql_fetch_array($query))
{
?>
if(code=="<?php echo $result[user_PIN];?>")
{
document.form1.userPIN.value="<?php echo $result[user_PIN];?>";
}
<?php
}
?>
}
</script>

A science is basically like a knife, could serve a twofold purpose, for good or bad depending on the host where the science was residing, it would be utilized to be okay.

Search engine mechanism

2010-12-15T05:08:00.001-08:00

Search engines look for clues about the importance of a document or piece of information through a set of keywords. This means depends on what is a link to another page, it's about how that famous Google's PageRank algorithm work.

Researchers now have developed subtle ways to measure the impact and importance of documents and pages on the Web and in archives, using the text stored in documents. This approach does not rely on pointers as links and quotations, and could become a real-time search engine best and recommendation system that automatically collects information about a particular topic.

Search software developed at Princeton University to take an archive of documents and measures the change in the use of language among the documents from time to time. Samples can be analyzed from collection of scientific papers or a set of posts from certain blogs.

This software analyzes the text in the document and then identify words and phrases most significant in certain categories, those who frequently appears on various documents. Then fish out the early appearance of language bits to indicate the documents that contain ideas that are most likely to affect another document. This algorithm can continue to work as items which are added to a collection of documents from time to time.

The researchers tested their algorithm on three major archives containing thousands of journal articles. The software identifies the influential paper also people who are often quoted. Their method also provides new insights. In some cases, are not widely cited articles were also identified as influential.

The researchers found the frequency of early discussions on important subjects. Sometimes the old quoted article is not identified as influential, in this case, the researchers believe that the article was an important resource, but did not present new ideas.

This method captures differences in the effect, It's to see where the document introduces the language and ideas that are taken by others. This research is part of a larger effort to build new tools to explore large collections of documents, whether that means the archive of scientific journal or blog posts and news articles. Today, we can easily store all this information in search engine database and access it, but we need a guide to find the most useful content.

The important thing, is to build tools that can make intelligent recommendations for how users should explore the body of information. The method uses the contents of the document, not a link or a quote.

This approach does not require a historical perspective. For journal articles, the researchers observed changes in the language for several years. For blog posts, which change more rapidly, this method can work with to see a shift in language for a day or even within hours. Such an approach can be added to search engine ranking algorithm to identify important documents, and can help users navigate large collections of information easier.

Measuring the flow of information to determine the effect of having a lot of potential. The most obvious application, is the personalization, the software can see what articles a person reads and angle to articles or websites that contain relevant material. Adding perspective to the front can be useful for real-time search, by providing a new way of search engines to rank and filter the content more quickly.

In order to understand SEO (Search Engine Optimizer) as we all know that the algorithm that use in search engine like Google is always updated in order to filter some of the parameters or tricks that might be in the manipulation (black hat SEO) by a webmaster to get top ranking in a search engines. A lot of the webmasters or SEO experts who make categories in the form of points that form a reference to a website optimizer to obtain the best possible rankings on search engines, but like everybody else I also make a concept or a category of its own based on my own web experience (not based on motivation to get high SERP only, but also readers friendly).

Search result mechanism

There are two mechanism of search result from search engine :
1. Based on URL (main URL).
This type of search engine use main URL that you submit to database, not base on the sitemap that you add to its URL in site explorer. When you search for an article or a website content, the search engine will show to you only the title of the website. To trick this type of search engine is submit every single article that you created to the search engine trough URL submitter in that search engine database.
2. Based on sitemap.
This type of search engine use not only main URL but also all sitemaps that you add to your main URL. Sitemap will function to help robots.txt to crawl all your published articles or contents. So, if you search about an article, this search engine will shown you a list of article based on article title and its relation to website URL. If your website write about "heart attack", and website URL is (example) http://www.heartattackinmoon.com/, and the article title is "how to counter a heart problem after you got attack by your enemy?", your article will get better place than the other article that shown only article title without any relationship to its website URL.

Based on sitemap search result, we can make an optimation to article trough some simple steps. These following points can be considered to do search engine optimization on your website or blog :
1. Try to use keywords in the title meta tags, which looks naturally and connects with the Title and Description of the web, which I've discussed on e-education.

2. RSS Submission quality, I mean putting an RSS or a blog /website on the web directory that had the best ranking and popularity, It needs to determine the popularity and ranking of our website on search engines very well. RSS sites that have good rankings, for example, Technorati, Feedburner, Blogcatalog, Mybloglog, as this will form a network so easy in web search and easy to find out by the robots.txt crawl.

3. Global link popularity of networking websites that provide inbound baclink.
This is similar to point No. 2 above, that is when we get a backlink from the web that have a high pagerank, example pagerank 6 website and higher. It will also be very influential to our web popularity on search engines.

4. Website history in search engine index.
This according to my analysis which is also very influential, namely the length of time since our web was first found on search engines (or since last new domain registration), as it relates to the original or the value of keywords use in your website. For example, today I posted an article titled "Search engine mechanism", with the keyword search engine, search mechanism and etc., so for another time, when it will come a similar post theme, it likely will not beat the article rank that I was done first.

5. Use good anchor text on inbound and outbound links.
This also I have often discussed, website have the main theme, then the use of Anchor Text will be better known on search engines. Because the logic of reason of course we must understand that search engines will crawl the website by category (title, description, URL name) which are registered, as a reference in the typed keywords on search engines.

6.Eficiency and effectiveness of Meta tag.
The fewer tags or categories that are relevant to the keyword Title Tag and Main Themes will certainly get a better search result than most tags that are not relevant to our site. Usually a maximum of about 30 tags that allow by search engines. (I had to register a blog with 60 tags to Google and it was rejected, then I cut into 30 new tags and then Google received it)

7. Quality of inbound links.
The number of website that provides backlink to our web certainly more influential in the popularity of our web search result. But for me personally as a bloger , I do not need too think about the backlink, it will come as natural, because if there is an exchange links among blogers whom are within the framework of friendship which eventually also will get a variety of positive benefits as well later.

Search Tips

The following examples demonstrate some search mechanism that Dago (external search) and MyLoveMyWorld (internal search) Search Results supports.

* oscar perdanakusuma
Find rows that contain at least one from two words.
* +oscar +perdanakusuma or oscar +perdanakusuma
Find rows that contain both words.
* oscar -perdanakusuma
Find rows that contain only the word without -.
* +oscar perdanakusuma
Find rows that contain the word “oscar”, but rank rows higher if they also contain “perdanakusuma”.
* +oscar ~perdanakusuma
Find rows that contain the word “oscar”, but if the row also contains the word “perdanakusuma”, rate it lower than if row does not. This is softer than a search for "oscar -perdanakusuma", for which the presence of “perdanakusuma” causes the row not to be returned at all.
* "oscar perdanakusuma"
Find rows that contain the exact phrase “oscar perdanakusuma” or Google called it advanced search.

You can also use ( ) or [ ] or < > before and after keyword to get spesific data about the keyword that you want to find.

How to use Filezilla as Wordpress FTP client?

2010-12-07T04:38:00.000-08:00

After previous Wordpress tutorial articles discusses about many tips & tricks about Wordpress, we remind for a while to learn how to upload files to your WordPress blog, especially Wordpress themes and plugins, after we had learned about how to install Wordpress from webhosting. In Wordpress blog, changing a theme is not as easy to change template on the blogspot platform. In this article we will learn about another blogging trick, I will use the method of uploading Wordpress themes and plugins via FTP client like Filezilla, this time we will not using a file manager from cPanel or vistapanel (on php0h.com) which provided by the web hosting.

FTP or File Transfer Protocol is a tool for transferring files that are usually performed to transfer files from one IP to another IP or from PC to webhosting and vice versa. But this time I will more specific about how to use FTP client to transfer files from PC to webhosting, or vice versa. A lot of software that can be used as a FTP client, in this Wordpress article, I use Filezilla as FTP client software. Because it is free, Filezilla is easy to use and very powerful. Filezilla FTP client can be downloaded from computer redesign >> computer software.

Filezilla will appear as below :

- The area number 1, is the webhosting FTP hostname, enter the FTP address of the webhosting. If you do not know the FTP address then get into cPanel of webhosting and see on the FTP accounts menu, there are FTP address along with FTP username and FTP password. But in general, the FTP address of a webhosting is the IP of the webhosting or has the address like : ftp://ftp.hostname.com
- The areas number 2 and 3, are FTP username and password, fill in your FTP username and password when signing into cPanel in webhosting. The fourth box is a port (area number 4) that can be ignored or fill in 21, then press (area number 5) or quickconnect button.
- The area number 6 is a process area, it will be shown the processes that are running.
- The area number 7 is the local PC main navigation and local PC Windows explorer that located in area number 9.
- The area number 8 is the webhosting main navigation and the number 10 are webhosting explorer.
- Area number 11 is the description of area number 12 (view files that exist in the queue transfer), area number 13 (view files that fail to transfer) and area number 14 (view files that have been successfully transferred).

Because this article write about Wordpress files, then we need to consider the Wordpress folder on your webhosting. Wordpress folder contained in the / public_html folder which you can see in the area number 10 on FileZilla screenshot above. You can open (double-click) the / public_html folder, generally it will contain three sub folders related to Wordpress, the wp-admin, wp-content and wp-includes. Then re-open the / wp-content folder, well in that folder contain Wordpress themes and plugins. If you want to upload themes, then open the / themes folder, but if you want to upload plugins, then open the / plugins folder.

Then prepare a file or folder that you want to upload so it looks at area number 9 on the image above, do not forget to extract using a file extractor like winzip or winrar. Next step are drag and drop the extracted folder from area number 9 to area number 10 of Wordpress content area. If you want to upload Wordpress themes then drag the folder into / wp-content/themes folder, and if you want to upload plugins, then drag the plugins folder to / wp-content/plugins folder.

Then wait until the upload is complete. When you finish, you can manage the new themes and the new plugins that are uploaded earlier on your Wordpress blog dashboard.

Kraeplien and Pauli Test Masterplan

2010-11-30T06:26:00.000-08:00

Emil Kraeplien was born on February 15th, 1856 in Neustrelitz and died on October 7th, 1926 in Munich. He became a doctor in Wurzburg on 1878, then became a doctor at a mental hospital in Munich. In 1882 he moved to Leipzig to work with Wundt whom had been his friend during a student. From 1903 until his death, he concentrated in a professor of psychiatry at the psychiatric clinic in Munich and at the same time they will become director of the clinic. Emil Kraeplien is psycitris who study the description and classification of psychiatric wounds which called as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychytric Association (APA). Emil Kraeplien believe that if the classification of mental illness in the identification of the verifiable origins and causes of mental illness occur, it will be easy on the precise legal aid. Kraeplien became famous mainly because the classification of psychiatric illness which in the psychic. He divided the psyche into 2 main categories namely dimentia psychic praecox and manic depressive. Dimentia praecox is an early symptom of mental illness which is called schizophrenia. Kraeplien also known as figure who first used the method of psychiatric examination in psychology, among other uses psychological tests to determine the existence of soul retardation. One of the antecedent test create test called Kraeplien test.

Kraeplien and Pauli test consists of clusters of numbers arranged in a longitudinal (up-down) in the form of lanes. Prospective employees are asked to add two adjacent numbers in a certain time in each column and write beside it.

Kraeplien test used for reveal the accuracy, speed, stability for endurance work.

Pauli test used to measure the work attitude and work performance (endurance, tenacity, attitude to pressure, power adjustment, perseverance and consistency, poise).

How to do Kraeplien and Pauli test :
1. Do not even use a mechanical pencil in this test but only use ordinary pencil or pen, because this test is bound by time. Mechanical pencil require re-loading when the tip of granite out, this mechanism takes about 0.5-1 seconds. If you do reload the 10 lane means you may have lost 5-10 seconds.
2. Keep the number of digits that sum in each column is stable. The result will be better than you push yourself at the beginning of the test but stumbled in the middle and end of the test. Take control of yourself to save energy.
3. Do not even do the cheating on the time or the sum. This will hurt you due precisely to cheating you will take a few seconds to decide and that means just a waste of time and your summation graph look unnatural.
4. The most important thing of all is the concentration to do Kraeplien test. Sometimes you will feel tired on middle of the test, but you have to get up and focus again on the test. That physical condition is very influential. Try not to stay up and breakfast before leaving the test because this test model is sucking your energy.

Both tests have almost no difference, all containing the paper and the only way of distinguishing the number and amount of content and Kraeplien has more sequence of numbers, usually the psychologist instructed "move" at a certain time and be useful to see the brain durability and your consistency.

First of all, we must learn about what is nerves system?

Just 20 percent of total brain capacity used by the human. Many things that make work more optimally biased. Among others by exercising the brain, such as by reading a book, fill in the puzzle, do new activities, or run through the routes of travel that are different.

Distribution of neuronal cells based on their function:

1. Nerve sensory / afferent is neuron function to deliver impulses from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

2. Nerve motor / efferent is neuron function to conduct impulses from CNS to effectors.

3. Neural associations / interneurons is neurons that connect the sensory nerve to motor nerve in the CNS.

Part of the brain cerebrum:

- It is part of the brain that meet most of our brain that is 7 / 8 from the brain.

- Has 2 parts of the cerebral hemispheres, those are the left hemisphere which controls the right side organs activities, then the right hemisphere of the brain which controls the activities of left internal organs.

- The gray cerebrum cortex which contains nerve cell bodies. While the white medulla containing dendrite and neurit stout. Part cortex is divided into 3 areas, namely the area of sensory which translates impulses into a sensation. Second is the area that control the coordination of motor activity of skeletal muscle. Third is the association area that related with memory, intelligence, reason / logic, and human will.

- Have 4 kinds of lobes which are:

a. Frontal lobe function as the center of smell, sense of touch.

b. Temporal lobe as the central auditory.

c. Ocsipetal lobe as the center of vision.

d. Parietal lobe as a center for memory, intelligence, volition, reasoning, attitudes.

Cerebellum brain sections:

- It is part of the brain that located at the back of the cerebrum. Functioning as a central coordination arrangements conscious movement, body balance and posture.

- There are 2 parts of the cerebellum : the left and the right cerebellum hemisphere, which are connected by varoli bridges that serves to deliver impulses from the left muscles and right muscles.

The spinal accessory nervous system is a motor nerve system, which are sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle. Spinal accessory nerve system functions to coordinate the movement of shoulder and neck.

So, we know about what we must to increase to get better Kraeplien and Pauli test result. We need to increase Motoric nerve system action especially from spinal accessory nervous system. To increase intelligence we also need to train our cerebrum. To increase coordination between left and right part of brain, we need to train cerebellum. How to increase cerebrum and cerebellum action?

There is a way to increase the ability of the brain is to do brain gym. Gymnastics performed brain through three dimensions, namely laterality communication, focus on understanding, and convergence settings. Laterality communication (left-right dimension) aims to optimize the learn ability. Its moves involves hearing, seeing, writing, movement, and positif attitude-movement. Movement can absorb faster communication abilities.

Movement and activity is very easy and fun methods that can be done by everyone from diverse backgrounds ages, including children. One method of movement is an interesting brain gym movement "across the center line". The movement is to train all the right and left, good brain, eyes, ears and limbs, to work together well.

The left brain function in terms of differences, numbers, sequence, writing, language, calculation and logic. Left-brain memory are short term (short term memory). If there is damage to the left brain, there will be disruption in terms of functions of speech, language and mathematics.

The right brain function in terms of equality, fantasy, creativity, shape or space, emotion, music and color. The right brain memories are long (long term memory). If there is a right-brain damage cause by diseases such as stroke or brain tumor, the brain function will impaired visual abilities and emotions for example.

Brain regulate the body with a cross. Right Hemisphere adjust the left side of the body, regulate the right of the left hemisphere of the body. Movement "cross the midline" help us use both hemispheres simultaneously and harmoniously.

For example by doing a cross-motion with music. Right hand movement simultaneously with the left foot, and vice versa. Do as you go along in place, stepping forward, sideways or backward. The movement is also accomplished in the dance, dance and aerobics. In order for the movement "across the center line" occurred, the hand should touching the opposite knee. When both hemispheres work together, then we will feel open to learning new things.

To improve memory, make a horizontal imaginary number 8 (like the symbol of infinity or eternity) by hand three times, then replace it with other hand, do it also three times. Then do it again with both hands simultaneously. At first time, it was awkward, but in a short time you will do it smoothly.

In children who are less able to concentrate, brain gym exercises help to learn better, opening the potential of art, and increase endurance in reading. Elderly can count faster. However, one thing to note is do not ever do this activity with force. Do it within the limits of ability and feel the benefits.

To maintain the capacity of your left brain, try to learn a new language or do puzzles games. Because the intelligence is connected to your left cerebellum, that is why you need to train your left part of cerebellum.

You can be considered as a genius in the test Kraeplien and Pauli if you done this cheat :

1. Just focus on numbers, just done it in ordinary without any think to create some correct calculation. Create a normal outcome, usually resolved only 2-3 columns. But if you want to be considered genius, you need to also work on 3-5 columns. Just done it well on first 3 columns.

2. Well, when you arrived in columns 13 to 20, you have done it well (not need to done it in a right answer).

3. After that the calculation content does not matter (the psychologist does not care if it correct or not after colums 13 to 20).

4. Lastly, in columns 40 to 43, you also should done it well.

When you run this test, have you ever wondered how the psychologists examined the test results? Because your writing is made may be small, messy, and lots. Apparently they have a certain technique in examining the results of this test, by ignoring certain columns and particular check some columns as well. So the answer are : make some correct calculation only on columns 1 to 3, columns 13 to 20, columns 40 to 43. The other colums? Just done it in ordinary, no need to done it with correct answer. That is the Kraeplien and Pauli test trick.

Ok, lets see Kraeplien test screen shot, the blank and the answer. This is what you actual need to do in order to finish the Kraeplien test. Just memories this Kraeplien and Pauli test trick masterplan, and get you maximum result.

Edward Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) Masterplan

2010-11-26T06:19:00.000-08:00

Edward Personal Preference Test (EPPS) is one verbal personality test with a test form of forced choice technique, in which you need to choose alternative A or B that is more preferred by you, that will reflect your daily circumstances. EPPS consists of 225 underlying questions. This EPPS based on some theory : 20 need of Murray, but Edward only use 15 need. What is need theory? Because the need is something that can not be avoided from human life, the correlation between what is reflected out to the circumstances in the individual at 0.871.

EPPS just use the questions with two choices of A or B, if two statements are equally disliked or equally preferred, you still have to choose which is more typically described yourself. Options should be based on your feelings, not based on what is considered normal.

How EPPS rating :
- Make a red line through
a. No. 1, 7, 13, 19, 25
b. No. 101, 107, 113, 119, 125
c. No. 201, 207, 213, 219, 225
- Make the blue line through
a. No. 26, 32, 38, 44, 50
b. No. 51, 57, 63, 69, 75
c. No. 151, 157, 163, 169, 175
- If there are more than 3 questions are not filled then test results is invalid, therefore, try to complete all questions.

See your EPPS test sheet, note the sign above and on the right:
To the right is a column that read :
- N (need).
- R (raw) :
a. Calculated horizontal.
b. Calculated only the circled A, except A which hit the red line non-computed (either wreathed or ill).
c. Maximum 14.
- C (column) :
a. Calculated vertical.
b. Only the circled B is calculated, except those affected by the red line.
c. Maximum 14.
- S (sum) :
a. Number of r+ c.
b. Maximum 28.

How to calculate your work consistency :
- Compare the answers to A / B in the red line with the answer to A / B which hit the blue line.
- When it is same, give a tick in the box below it, if different given no sign :
a. Similarly, if the the red line A and the blue also A.
b. or that the red line and blue line also B.
- Sum the box marked.
- Write the number of signs on the con (consistency).
- A maximum of 15 and Minimum 10.
- Change the raw score into percentil by using the norm.
- Norma by sex and age group :
a. Percentiles for college student.
b. Percentiles for the general adult group.
- Create a line in the profile with the starting point on percentil 50.
- The line is made in accordance with the number percentil obtained on each subject need.
- Then check percentil need is :
a. High:> 75
b. Average: 25-75
c. Low: <25>

15 basic human needs according to Edward :
1. Need of Achievement
The need to do your best to solve difficult and interesting task.

2. Need of Deference
- The need to get someone else to decide what opinions to yourself.
- The need to conform, follow the procedures or norms.

3. Need of Order
The need to do regularly and neatly with a previous planning.

4. Need of Exhibition
Needs to be center of attention / low profile.

5. Need of Autonomy
The need to stand alone in taking decisions and avoid the interference of others.

6. Need of Affiliation
The need to interact with others, give attention to each other.

7. Need of Intraception
The need to analyze the motivation / feelings of yourself, comprehensive and understand the feelings of others.

8. Need of Succorance
The need to accept help from others (affection from someone else).

9. Need of Dominance
The need to cope with / influence others / govern / regulate other person acting as a leader

10. Need of Abasement
The need to humble yourselves, the courage to admit mistakes.

11. Need of Nurturance
The need to care others, willing to give help to anyone who deserve.

12. Need of Change
The need to change / want or try it.

13. Need of Endurance
The need for persistence, perseverance in completing the work / overcome obstacles faced.

14. Need of heterosexuality
The need to mingle with the opposite sex.

15. Need of Aggression
The need to attack other people's opinions whom are different from / like humble other people.

Based on 15 kinds of basic human needs, it can be formed based on love and hate by 15 kinds of basic needs :
- LOVE (Needs Fine) :
a. Deference.
b. Order.
c. Affiliation.
d. Intraception.
e. Succorance.
f. Abasement.
g. Nurturance.
h. Endurance.
- HATE (Needs Rough) :
a. Achievement.
b. Exhibition.
c. Autonomy.
d. Dominance.
e. Change.
f. Heterosexual.
g. Aggression.

Human traits are usually formed on the basis of basic human needs as well, therefore it is necessary to control the nature (or control your answers so they will think you have very good nature) :
a. Achievement :

+ : The willingness and ability to excel.

- : Ambitious adverse.

b. Deference :

+ : Willingness to adapt.

- : Trends suggestible, less critical.

c. Order :

+ : The need for regularity.

- : Reduces the creativity and fear of deviating.

d. Exhibition :

+ : Able to show themselves, confident, optimistic, extraversion.

- : Reduce self-control and self-discipline, showing yourself.

e. Autonomy :

+ : The desire to be independent, or not dependent.

- : Less capable of adaptation, fanatical.

f. Afiliation :

+ : The need for the attention of others who harmonious, understanding and tolerance.

- : Less assertive.

g. Intraception :

+ : Able to analyze the feelings of yourself and others.

- : Less or always take the distance.

h. Succorance :

+ : The need to receive assistance from another person.

- : Passive, spoiled.

i. Dominace :

+ : The desire to lead, influence, guide, direct.

- : Authoritarian.

j. Abasement :

+ : Lowering yourself to adjust, compromise, tolerance.

- : Lability of emotion, feeling guilty.

k. Nurturance :

+ : Warmth of feeling.

- : Less rational.

l. Change :

+ : Flexible, want make changes.

- : Not stay on the establishment.

m. Endurance :

+ : Persistence in completing the work.

- : Rigid, proof of origin is not based on other considerations.

n. Heterosexual :

+ : Daily sex life within normal limits.

- : Overacting in sex life or even not at all.

o. Aggression :

+ : Progressive, able to control aggression, daring.

- : Desperate, destructive acts in all forms.